{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:10:37Z","timestamp":1785391837509,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MIUR Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN)","award":["20229PSYEP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20229PSYEP"]}]},{"name":"MIUR Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN)","award":["DD n. 1016 SH4 del 7\/7\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD n. 1016 SH4 del 7\/7\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The issue of literacy challenges among dyslexic adults remains a significant concern. This study investigates spelling deficits among highly educated adults with dyslexia learning a transparent orthography. Thirty-eight Italian dyslexic university students were examined and compared to a group of age- and education-matched typical readers. Firstly, we analyzed spelling performance using a Passage Dictation Test. Additionally, lists of words varying in length and word frequency were dictated under two experimental conditions: a normal condition (NC) and an articulatory suppression condition (ASC). The ASC assessed the participants\u2019 ability to spell with interference to the phonological (sublexical) spelling procedure, i.e., the most likely compensated spelling strategy of Italian dyslexic spellers. The results clearly indicated that, in spelling the meaningful passage, dyslexic participants underperformed compared to the controls, with a prevalence of lexical errors, despite the comparison with the normative reference data showing only mild spelling difficulties. In spelling isolated words in normal conditions, dyslexic participants performed within the reference norms and as accurately as control participants across all stimuli (short words, high- and low-frequency words), except for long words, where their spelling difficulties were evident. Articulatory suppression significantly impaired dyslexics\u2019 performance on short stimuli, reducing the usual sublexical advantage associated with them, and exacerbated misspellings on long words. Additionally, articulatory suppression disproportionately affected dyslexics\u2019 performance on high-frequency words, diminishing the typical lexical advantage associated with these words. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical, clinical, and educational implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T18:17:32Z","timestamp":1721067452000},"page":"712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Enduring Challenge of Literacy Issues in Adulthood: Investigating Spelling Deficits among Dyslexic Italian University Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Vizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73110 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Iaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73110 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Diletta","family":"Carlino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8806-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara Valeria","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4495-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Turi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73110 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Angelelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73110 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648071","article-title":"The Adult Outcomes of Children with Learning Disabilities","volume":"37","author":"Bruck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. 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