{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:13Z","timestamp":1760145373060,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The role of exercise programs during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is considered particularly supportive in fostering positive psychological and behavioral changes. The treatment of SUD is a challenging and demanding process. Therefore, it is crucial to discover innovative methods to enhance and facilitate it. Integrating exercise into a virtual environment is an innovative approach for drug rehabilitation, offering multiple benefits to individuals undergoing treatment. The aim of this feasibility study was to explore the acute effects of cycling exercise in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment on attentional control and self-efficacy expectations of individuals undergoing SUD treatment. Methods: A total of 20 individuals (mean age of 37.75 years) enrolled in a SUD treatment program participated in the study. They were instructed to complete a single session of cycling with a self-selected duration within the VR system. Results: Following the cycling session, pre-post measures indicated a statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy expectations and attentional control measured with the Stroop test. The results revealed that participants expressed high levels of intention for future use, interest\/enjoyment, and positive attitudes toward the VR exercise system. Qualitative data indicated that participants found the VR exercise system enjoyable, expressed a strong intention to use it, and did not encounter technical difficulties or negative emotions. Conclusions: In conclusion, it seems that engaging in a brief period of self-selected exercise within a virtual environment can result in temporary activation of cognitive changes, heightened self-efficacy expectations, and a motivating approach to increasing physical activity participation among individuals with SUD, thus suggesting the feasibility of this approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T16:51:12Z","timestamp":1721321472000},"page":"724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Acute Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Biking on Self-Efficacy and Attention of Individuals in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9593-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evlalia","family":"Touloudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Hassandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios T.","family":"Stavrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardio-Pulmonary Testing and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6446-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotis","family":"Panagiotounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, KETHEA, 11636 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Galanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-9924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Goudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5768-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Theodorakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020). 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