{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:49:18Z","timestamp":1765889358831,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This study aims to highlight the feasibility of an olfactory training program entirely monitored through online media in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Classic olfactory training was performed with a sample with olfactory loss due COVID-19 (n = 11). Participants were engaged on a weekly video call in order to improve adherence and collect information regarding the number of correct answers and the individuals\u2019 perception of olfactory function. The olfactory status after training was compared to two groups, one composed of participants who contracted COVID-19 but did not report olfactory loss (n = 11) and a sample composed of healthy participants (n = 11). Results: The experimental group showed improvements throughout the training period (TDI score on week 0 was 20.3 (5.6) and 24.6 (4.3) for week 12, and on week 24 was 25.4 (6.2) (F = 5.115, df = 2, 20, p = 0.016), and post hoc tests showed that participants significantly improved their TDI score in W12 compared to W0 (SMD = 0.869, p = 0.041) and in W24 compared to W0 (SMD = 0.859, p = 0.041). The experimental group showed lower scores when compared with both groups, and the no OT COVID-19 group showed lower scores than the healthy control group, even though they did not report olfactory alterations. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the strategies applied to improve adherence were successful since 100% of the sample completed the training adherence, offering a valuable framework for future olfactory training studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T07:57:23Z","timestamp":1721721443000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maximizing Participation in Olfactory Training in a Sample with Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alice Helena","family":"Delgado-Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Bouhaben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8808-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Delgado-Losada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, August 02). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-022-01060-9","article-title":"\u201cAnosmia\u201d the mysterious collateral damage of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1792289","article-title":"Loss of Smell and Taste: A New Marker of COVID-19? Tracking Reduced Sense of Smell during the Coronavirus Pandemic Using Search Trends","volume":"18","author":"Cherry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30200-0","article-title":"Clinical and Virological Data of the First Cases of COVID-19 in Europe: A Case Series","volume":"20","author":"Lescure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions as a Clinical Presentation of Mild-to-Moderate Forms of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Multicenter European Study","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27918","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19, new insights from a cohort of 353 patients: The ANOSVID study","volume":"94","author":"Mercier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.11.003","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: New Insights into the Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Butowt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1042","article-title":"Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction persistence after COVID-19: A prospective study","volume":"26","author":"Bianco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22579","article-title":"Association of Chemosensory Dysfunction and COVID-19 in Patients Presenting with Influenza-like Symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22990","article-title":"Long-term olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: 18-month follow-up study","volume":"12","author":"Ferreli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2023.44.11.20230264","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction among patients with COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Alkholaiwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.103962","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction incidence and resolution amongst 608 patients with COVID-19 infection","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e069503","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069503","article-title":"Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: Meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves","volume":"378","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortunato, F., Martinelli, D., Iannelli, G., Milazzo, M., Farina, U., Di Matteo, G., De Nittis, R., Ascatigno, L., Cassano, M., and Lopalco, P.L. (2022). Self-Reported Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients: A 1-Year Follow-up Study in Foggia District, Italy. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07052-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23071","article-title":"Long-Term Quality-of-Life Impairment in Patients with More than 1-Year COVID-19-Related Olfactory Dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Pendolino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-022-01062-x","article-title":"Long-term consequences of COVID-19: Chemosensory disorders","volume":"23","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04719-x","article-title":"Mechanism and treatment of olfactory dysfunction caused by coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.01.041","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19: Metanalysis reveals persistence in one-third of patients 6 months after initial infection","volume":"86","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041","article-title":"More Than Smell\u2014COVID-19 Is Associated with Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis","volume":"45","author":"Parma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09731-7","article-title":"Prolonged and Extended Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the Olfactory Neurocircuit","volume":"12","author":"Urata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drozdzik, A., and Drozdzik, M. (2022). Oral Pathology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Molecular Aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031431"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104833","article-title":"Physiological and Pathological Regulation of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor","volume":"157","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00210","article-title":"Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in Cells of the Olfactory Epithelium: Identification of Cell Types and Trends with Age","volume":"11","author":"Bilinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758716","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19 Patients: Can We Predict the Severity of Chest Manifestations?","volume":"27","author":"Hendawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2023","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-Associated Anosmia","volume":"103","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.024","article-title":"Non-Cell-Autonomous Disruption of Nuclear Architecture as a Potential Cause of COVID-19-Induced Anosmia","volume":"185","author":"Zazhytska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.1728","article-title":"Clinical Diagnosis and Current Management Strategies for Olfactory Dysfunction: A Review","volume":"145","author":"Whitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924211053118","article-title":"Olfactory-Related Quality of Life Adjustments in Smell Loss during the Coronavirus-19 Pandemic","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-020-01751-5","article-title":"Long-Term Impact of Olfactory Dysfunction on Daily Life","volume":"133","author":"Auinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21669","article-title":"Efficacy of Olfactory Training in Patients with Olfactory Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Pekala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.049","article-title":"Olfactory-related quality of life impacts psychological distress in people with COVID-19: The affective implications of olfactory dysfunctions","volume":"323","author":"Bochicchio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102884","article-title":"Corticosteroid Nasal Spray for Recovery of Smell Sensation in COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"42","author":"Abdelalim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30353","article-title":"Intranasal Corticosteroid Treatment on Recovery of Long-Term Olfactory Dysfunction Due to COVID-19","volume":"132","author":"Hosseinpoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820965920","article-title":"Olfactory Cleft Measurements and COVID-19-Related Anosmia","volume":"164","author":"Altundag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924221150977","article-title":"The Efficacy of Olfactory Training as a Treatment for Olfactory Disorders Caused by Coronavirus Disease-2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haehner, A., Tosch, C., Wolz, M., Klingelhoefer, L., Fauser, M., Storch, A., Reichmann, H., and Hummel, T. (2013). Olfactory Training in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061680"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26985","article-title":"Examination of Olfactory Training Effectiveness in Relation to Its Complexity and the Cause of Olfactory Loss","volume":"128","author":"Oleszkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino15.264","article-title":"Long Term Effects of Olfactory Training in Patients with Post-Infectious Olfactory Loss","volume":"54","author":"Konstantinidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado-Lima, A.H., Bouhaben, J., and Delgado-Losada, M.L. (2024). The efficacy of olfactory training in improving olfactory function: A meta-analysis. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08733-7"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20101","article-title":"Effects of Olfactory Training in Patients with Olfactory Loss","volume":"119","author":"Hummel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05939-3","article-title":"Olfactory training ball improves adherence and olfactory outcomes in post-infectious olfactory dysfunction","volume":"277","author":"Saatci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07665-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of olfactory training in COVID-19 patients with olfactory dysfunction: A prospective study","volume":"280","author":"Lechien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, A.L., Henecke, S., Thunell, E., Swartz, M., Martinsen, J., Sahlstrand Johansson, P., and Lundstrom, J.N. (2024). Olfactory training using nasal inserts more effective due to increased adherence. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.26.24309521"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado-Losada, M.L., Delgado-Lima, A.H., and Bouhaben, J. (2020). Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120943"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39","article-title":"\u201cSniffin\u201d Sticks\u2019: Olfactory Performance Assessed by the Combined Testing of Odor Identification, Odor Discrimination and Olfactory Threshold","volume":"22","author":"Hummel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgado-Losada, M.L., Bouhaben, J., and Delgado-Lima, A.H. (2021). Development of the spanish version of sniffin\u2019s sticks olfactory identification test: Normative data and validity of parallel measures. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020216"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.195","article-title":"Effects of Olfactory Training: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Sorokowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2023.111799","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction and Training in Children with COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective Study Post-COVID Pediatric Olfactory Training","volume":"176","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarfaj, A.A., Aldrweesh, A.K., Aldoughan, A.F., Alarfaj, S.M., Alabdulqader, F.K., and Alyahya, K.A. (2023). Olfactory Dysfunction Following COVID-19 and the Potential Benefits of Olfactory Training. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144761"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.09.004","article-title":"Olfactory Training Induces Changes in Regional Functional Connectivity in Patients with Long-Term Smell Loss","volume":"9","author":"Kollndorfer","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2020-035","article-title":"Effects of Olfactory Training on Resting-state Effective Connectivity in Patients with Posttraumatic Olfactory Dysfunction","volume":"80","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandersteen, C., Payne, M., Dumas, L.-\u00c9., Cancian, \u00c9., Plonka, A., D\u2019Andr\u00e9a, G., Chirio, D., Demonchy, \u00c9., Risso, K., and Askenazy-Gittard, F. (2022). Olfactory Training in Post-COVID-19 Persistent Olfactory Disorders: Value Normalization for Threshold but Not Identification. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.27.22271572"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07570-w","article-title":"Effects of Classical Olfactory Training in Patients with COVID-19-Related Persistent Loss of Smell","volume":"280","author":"Azak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25245","article-title":"Modified Olfactory Training in Patients with Postinfectious Olfactory Loss","volume":"125","author":"Altundag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp243","article-title":"Increasing olfactory bulb volume due to treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis\u2014A longitudinal study","volume":"132","author":"Gudziol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24340","article-title":"Olfactory Training Is Helpful in Postinfectious Olfactory Loss: A Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study: Olfactory Training","volume":"124","author":"Damm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417703910","article-title":"Olfactory Loss and Regain: Lessons for Neuroplasticity","volume":"24","author":"Reichert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96334-3","article-title":"Odours Count: Human Olfactory Ecology Appears to Be Helpful in the Improvement of the Sense of Smell","volume":"11","author":"Oleszkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc5801","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801","article-title":"Non-Neuronal Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes in the Olfactory System Suggests Mechanisms Underlying COVID-19-Associated Anosmia","volume":"6","author":"Brann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5","article-title":"Olfactory Transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 Invasion as a Port of Central Nervous System Entry in Individuals with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/014556131209100508","article-title":"Active Olfactory Training for the Treatment of Smelling Disorders","volume":"91","author":"Fleiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1159\/000516316","article-title":"Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: Oral Steroids and Olfactory Training versus Olfactory Training Alone: Is There Any Benefit from Steroids?","volume":"83","author":"Genetzaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0086","article-title":"Association of Olfactory Training with Neural Connectivity in Adults with Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction","volume":"147","author":"Jiramongkolchai","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892419858793","article-title":"A Pilot Study of Olfactory Training in Older Hyposmic Adults","volume":"33","author":"Lamira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12721","DOI":"10.1111\/joss.12721","article-title":"The Impact of Olfactory Training Using a Nasal Clip and Extended Periods of Odor Exposure","volume":"37","author":"Mahmut","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sens. Stud."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2021.02.013","article-title":"Olfactory Rehabilitation and Olfactory Bulb Volume Changes in Patients after Total Laryngectomy: A Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"88","author":"Kesimli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140419","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/140419","article-title":"Recovery of Olfactory Function Induces Neuroplasticity Effects in Patients with Smell Loss","volume":"2014","author":"Kollndorfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06520-8","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Oral Corticosteroids and Olfactory Training in the Management of COVID-19-Related Loss of Smell","volume":"278","author":"Konopnicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjz007","article-title":"Achieving Olfactory Expertise: Training for Transfer in Odor Identification","volume":"44","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/7\/730\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:32Z","timestamp":1760109632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/7\/730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14070730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14070730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]}}}