{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:29:04Z","timestamp":1767907744236,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: to identify advanced or \u201cso-called inoperable\u201d cases of tympanojugular paragangliomas (PGLs) and analyze how each case is surgically managed and followed afterward. Study Design: a retrospective case series study. Methods: Out of 262 type C and D TJPs and more than 10 cases of advanced or so-called inoperable cases, files of 6 patients with a diagnosis of advanced tympanojugular PGLs who were referred to an otology and skull-base center between 1996 and 2021 were reviewed to analyze management and surgical outcomes. The criteria for choosing these cases involve having one or more of the following features: (1) a large-sized tumor; (2) a single ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA); (3) involvement of the vertebral artery; (4) a considerable involvement of the ICA; (5) an extension to the clivus, foramen magnum, and cavernous sinus; (6) large intradural involvement (IDE); and (7) bilateral or multiple PGLs. Results: The age range at presentation was 25\u201343 years old, with a mean of 40.5 years: two females and four males. The presenting symptoms were glossal atrophy, hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus, dysphonia, shoulder weakness, and diplopia. The modified Infratemporal Fossa Approach (ITFA) with a transcondylar\u2013transtubercular extension is the principal approach in most cases, with additional approaches being used accordingly. Conclusions: The contemporary introduction of carotid artery stenting with the direct and indirect embolization of PGLs has made it possible to operate on many cases, which was otherwise considered impossible to treat surgically. Generally, the key is to stage the removal of the tumor in multiple stages during the management of complex PGLs to decrease surgical morbidities. A crucial aspect is to centralize the treatment of PGLs in referral centers with experienced surgeons who are trained to plan the stages and manage possible surgical complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T13:10:28Z","timestamp":1721913028000},"page":"745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gruppo Otologico\u2019s Experience in Managing the So-Called Inoperable Tympanojugular Paraganglioma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Sanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, 29121 Piacenza, PC, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9351-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Khateeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ORL-HNS, Rizgary Teaching Hospital, Erbil 44001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0452-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melcol Hailu","family":"Yilala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ORL-HNS, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohanad","family":"Almashhadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ORL-HNS, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad 10011, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2837-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fancello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, 29121 Piacenza, PC, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sanna, M., Piazza, P., Shin, S.H., Flanagan, S., and Mancini, F. 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