{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:46:45Z","timestamp":1792090005815,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Tinnitus involves the conscious awareness of a tonal or composite noise for which there is no identifiable corresponding external acoustic source. For many people, tinnitus is a disorder associated with symptoms of emotional distress, cognitive dysfunction, autonomic arousal, behavioural changes, and functional disability. Many symptoms can be addressed effectively using education or cognitive behavioural therapy. However, there is no treatment that effectively reduces or alters tinnitus-related neurophysiological activity and thus the tinnitus percept. In this systematic review, we evaluated the effectiveness of neuromodulation therapies for tinnitus that explicitly target pathological synchronous neural activity. (2) Methods: Multiple databases were searched for randomised controlled trials of neuromodulation interventions for tinnitus in adults, with 24 trials included. The risk of bias was assessed, and where appropriate, meta-analyses were performed. (3) Results: Few trials used acoustic, vagal nerve, or transcranial alternating current stimulation, or bimodal stimulation techniques, with limited evidence of neuromodulation or clinical effectiveness. Multiple trials of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) were identified, and a synthesis demonstrated a significant improvement in tinnitus symptom severity in favour of tDCS versus control, although heterogeneity was high. (4) Discussion: Neuromodulation for tinnitus is an emerging but promising field. Electrical stimulation techniques are particularly interesting, given recent advances in current flow modelling that can be applied to future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T06:17:44Z","timestamp":1721974664000},"page":"748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Neuromodulation Treatments Targeting Pathological Synchrony for Tinnitus in Adults: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-1392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek J.","family":"Hoare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University College Cork, T12 EK59 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian W.","family":"Shorter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Research Network, School of Psychology, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giriraj S.","family":"Shekhawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Tinnitus Research Initiative, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"El Refaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University College Cork, T12 EK59 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3999-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas","family":"Labree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2792-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002","article-title":"Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)","volume":"260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. 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