{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:02:51Z","timestamp":1775196171132,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Substance use disorders (SUDs) are complex biopsychosocial diseases that cause neurocognitive deficits and neurological impairments by altering the gene expression in reward-related brain areas. Repeated drug use gives rise to alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the expression of microRNAs in several brain areas that may be associated with the development of psychotic symptoms. The first section of this review discusses how substance use contributes to the development of psychotic symptoms via epigenetic alterations. Then, we present more evidence about the link between SUDs and brain epigenetic alterations. The next section presents associations between paternal and maternal exposure to substances and epigenetic alterations in the brains of offspring and the role of maternal diet in preventing substance-induced neurological impairments. Then, we introduce potential therapeutic agents\/approaches such as methyl-rich diets to modify epigenetic alterations for alleviating psychotic symptoms or depression in SUDs. Next, we discuss how substance use\u2013gut microbiome interactions contribute to the development of neurological impairments through epigenetic alterations and how gut microbiome-derived metabolites may become new therapeutics for normalizing epigenetic aberrations. Finally, we address possible challenges and future perspectives for alleviating psychotic symptoms and depression in patients with SUDs by modulating diets, the epigenome, and gut microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T11:11:25Z","timestamp":1722337885000},"page":"769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Substance-Induced Psychiatric Disorders, Epigenetic and Microbiome Alterations, and Potential for Therapeutic Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4944-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shabnam","family":"Nohesara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14535, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Mostafavi Abdolmaleky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Nutrition\/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, BIDMC, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5211-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Thiagalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.009","article-title":"Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in substance users: A comparison across substances","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1212","article-title":"Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: Longitudinal prospective study","volume":"325","author":"Arseneault","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2021-300300","article-title":"Risk of psychosis in illicit amphetamine users: A 10 year retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14170","article-title":"Methamphetamine psychosis: Insights from the past","volume":"113","author":"McKetin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108104","article-title":"Factors associated with psychotic symptoms among a sample of male prisoners with substance use disorder: A cross-sectional study","volume":"118","author":"Capuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.019","article-title":"Molecular genetics of substance use disorders: An umbrella review","volume":"124","author":"Forero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.05.006","article-title":"Methamphetamine influences on brain and behavior: Unsafe at any speed?","volume":"35","author":"Marshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, J.H., Stein, D.J., and Howells, F.M. (2014). The neurobiology of methamphetamine induced psychosis. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00537"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.04.020","article-title":"Association between substance use disorder and polygenic liability to schizophrenia","volume":"82","author":"Hartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000969","article-title":"Genetics of substance use disorders: A review","volume":"51","author":"Deak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00377-1","article-title":"Genetics of substance use disorders in the era of big data","volume":"22","author":"Gelernter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, G.M., and Hamilton, P.J. (2024). Epigenetics and substance use disorders: Translational aspects. Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Epigenetics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-18516-8.00008-9"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7344","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1043-08.2008","article-title":"\u0394FosB mediates epigenetic desensitization of the c-fos gene after chronic amphetamine exposure","volume":"28","author":"Renthal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"McCowan, T.J., Dhasarathy, A., and Carvelli, L. (2015). The epigenetic mechanisms of amphetamine. J. Addict. Prev., 2015."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.022","article-title":"The importance of alcohol misuse, malnutrition and genetic susceptibility on brain growth and plasticity","volume":"31","author":"Guerrini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.14.85","article-title":"An update on the epigenetics of psychotic diseases and autism","volume":"7","author":"Abdolmaleky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12280","article-title":"Associations between psychotic symptoms and substance use in young offenders","volume":"34","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20001","article-title":"Secondary psychoses: An update","volume":"12","author":"Keshavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7051","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.34655","article-title":"Different roles of Rac1 in the acquisition and extinction of methamphetamine-associated contextual memory in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.02.030","article-title":"SYNCRIP controls miR-137 and striatal learning in animal models of methamphetamine abstinence","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02645-6","article-title":"Methamphetamine (MA) use and MA-induced psychosis are associated with increasing aberrations in the compensatory immunoregulatory system, interleukin-1\u03b1, and CCL5 levels","volume":"13","author":"Kalayasiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hakeim, H.K., Altufaili, M.F., Almulla, A.F., Moustafa, S.R., and Maes, M. (2022). Increased lipid peroxidation and lowered antioxidant defenses predict methamphetamine induced psychosis. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.26.22281566"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"20155","article-title":"Substance-induced psychoses converting into schizophrenia: A register-based study of 18,478 Finnish inpatient cases","volume":"74","author":"Sund","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2710","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2710","article-title":"Methamphetamine-associated psychosis: Clinical presentation, biological basis, and treatment options","volume":"34","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.x","article-title":"The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users","volume":"101","author":"McKetin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16238","article-title":"A preliminary study on the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and methylation of dopamine system-related genes with psychotic symptoms in patients with methamphetamine use disorder","volume":"59","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0188","article-title":"Increased DNA methylation in the parvalbumin gene promoter is associated with methamphetamine dependence","volume":"18","author":"Veerasakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1371-7","article-title":"Methamphetamine (MA) use induces specific changes in LINE-1 partial methylation patterns, which are associated with MA-induced paranoia: A multivariate and neuronal network study","volume":"56","author":"Kalayasiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134725","article-title":"An association study between methamphetamine use disorder with psychosis and polymorphisms in MiRNA","volume":"717","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., Xu, Y., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., Xie, Z., Wu, H., Ma, Y., Zhou, Y., Chen, C., and Yang, J. (2022). Multi-omics study reveals associations among neurotransmitter, extracellular vesicle-derived microRNA and psychiatric comorbidities during heroin and methamphetamine withdrawal. Biomed. Pharmacother., 155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113685"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105069","article-title":"Epigenetics of addiction","volume":"147","author":"Cadet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2018.01.003","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in drug addiction: Implications for diagnostic and therapeutics","volume":"157","author":"Lax","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6153","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4571-14.2015","article-title":"DNA methylation in the medial prefrontal cortex regulates alcohol-induced behavior and plasticity","volume":"35","author":"Barbier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-014-8306-x","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of memory by acetylation and methylation of chromatin: Implications in neurological disorders, aging, and addiction","volume":"17","author":"Sen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0533-y","article-title":"Ube2b-dependent degradation of DNMT3a relieves a transcriptional brake on opiate-induced synaptic and behavioral plasticity","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chmielowiec, K., Chmielowiec, J., Masiak, J., Stro\u0144ska-Pluta, A., Lachowicz, M., Boro\u0144, A., Larysz, D., Dzitkowska-Zabielska, M., Ci\u0119szczyk, P., and Grzywacz, A. (2023). DNA Methylation of the Dopamine Transporter DAT1 Gene\u2014Bliss Seekers in the Light of Epigenetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065265"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.01.038","article-title":"Tobacco use modify exon IV BDNF gene methylation levels in depression","volume":"159","author":"Quaioto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00836-z","article-title":"Influence of psychostimulants and opioids on epigenetic modification of class III histone deacetylase (HDAC)-sirtuins in glial cells","volume":"11","author":"Sivalingam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doke, M., Pendyala, G., and Samikkannu, T. (2021). Psychostimulants and opioids differentially influence the epigenetic modification of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase in astrocytes. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252895"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Relationship between Using Cannabis, Consuming Isothiocyanate Rich Broccoli, and HDAC Expression in Schizophrenia: A Research Protocol","volume":"4","author":"Verhoeff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Undergrad. Res. Nat. Clin. Sci. Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Wang, B., Hu, H., Lin, X., Liu, Y., Lin, J., Zhang, J., Niu, S., and Yan, J. (2024). Regulation of histone acetylation by garcinol blocks the reconsolidation of heroin-associated memory. Biomed. Pharmacother., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116414"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1196-y","article-title":"A role for histone acetylation mechanisms in adolescent alcohol exposure-induced deficits in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and neurogenesis markers in adulthood","volume":"221","author":"Sakharkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.120","article-title":"Molecular, cellular, and structural mechanisms of cocaine addiction: A key role for microRNAs","volume":"38","author":"Jonkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0527-1","article-title":"Cocaine induces differential circular RNA expression in striatum","volume":"9","author":"Bu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floris, G., Gillespie, A., Zanda, M.T., Dabrowski, K.R., and Sillivan, S.E. (2022). Heroin regulates orbitofrontal circular RNAs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031453"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2775511","article-title":"microRNA-Seq reveals cocaine-regulated expression of striatal microRNAs","volume":"17","author":"Kiraly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rna"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12006","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of long non-coding RNA s of the nucleus accumbens in cocaine-conditioned mice","volume":"123","author":"Bu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2020.101854","article-title":"From dysregulated microRNAs to structural alterations in the striatal region of METH-injected rats","volume":"109","author":"Chavoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, W.-J., Zhang, C., Zhong, Y., Luo, J., Zhang, C.-Y., Zhang, C., and Wang, C. (2020). Altered serum microRNA expression profile in subjects with heroin and methamphetamine use disorder. Biomed. Pharmacother., 125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109918"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20221391","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20221391","article-title":"Evaluation of microRNA let-7b-3p expression levels in methamphetamine abuse","volume":"69","author":"Demirel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. M\u00e9dica Bras."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimm, S.L., Mendez, E.F., Stertz, L., Fries, G.R., Kanchi, R., Selvaraj, S., Teixeira, A.L., Kosten, T.R., Coarfa, C., and Walss-Bass, C. (2023). MicroRNA\u2013mRNA networks are dysregulated in opioid use disorder postmortem brain: Further evidence for opioid-induced neurovascular alterations. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1025346"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.12.052","article-title":"Methamphetamine alters expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 mRNA in rat brain","volume":"414","author":"Numachi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.10.021","article-title":"Chronic methamphetamine treatment reduces the expression of synaptic plasticity genes and changes their DNA methylation status in the mouse brain","volume":"1629","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.12.009","article-title":"Repeated methamphetamine and modafinil induce differential cognitive effects and specific histone acetylation and DNA methylation profiles in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"82","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.05.035","article-title":"Methamphetamine persistently increases alpha-synuclein and suppresses gene promoter methylation within striatal neurons","volume":"1719","author":"Biagioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01830-3","article-title":"A single prior injection of methamphetamine enhances methamphetamine self-administration (SA) and blocks SA-induced changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of potassium channels in the rat nucleus accumbens","volume":"57","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.101884","article-title":"Effect of chronic methamphetamine injection on levels of BDNF mRNA and its CpG island methylation in prefrontal cortex of rats","volume":"48","author":"Salehzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2020-0463","article-title":"Changes of BDNF exon IV DNA methylation are associated with methamphetamine dependence","volume":"13","author":"Iamjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.128","article-title":"DNA methylation regulates cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice","volume":"35","author":"Anier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.05.005","article-title":"Cocaine represses protein phosphatase-1C\u03b2 through DNA methylation and Methyl-CpG Binding Protein-2 recruitment in adult rat brain","volume":"73","author":"Bodetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8vik, E., Berthier, P., Klare, W.P., Helliwell, P., Buckle, E.L., Plath, J.A., Barron, A.B., and Maleszka, R. (2018). Cocaine directly impairs memory extinction and alters brain DNA methylation dynamics in honey bees. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00079"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120916137","article-title":"Cocaine-induced changes in behaviour and DNA methylation in rats are influenced by inter-individual differences in spontaneous exploratory activity","volume":"34","author":"Vaher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00909-x","article-title":"Cocaine-related DNA methylation in caudate neurons alters 3D chromatin structure of the IRXA gene cluster","volume":"26","author":"Vaillancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103169","article-title":"Methylation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene is dysregulated by cocaine dependence in the human striatum","volume":"24","author":"Vaillancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poisel, E., Zillich, L., Streit, F., Frank, J., Friske, M.M., Foo, J.C., Mechawar, N., Turecki, G., Hansson, A.C., and N\u00f6then, M.M. (2023). DNA methylation in cocaine use disorder\u2013An epigenome-wide approach in the human prefrontal cortex. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1075250"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.09.006","article-title":"Persistent gene expression changes in NAc, mPFC, and OFC associated with previous nicotine or amphetamine exposure","volume":"256","author":"Mychasiuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23913","article-title":"Methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter modulates morphine dependence and accompanied hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis dysfunction","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1398296","article-title":"The effect of morphine upon DNA methylation in ten regions of the rat brain","volume":"12","author":"Barrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Liang, J., Jiang, F., Cai, W., Shen, F., Liang, J., Zhang, J., Sun, Z., and Sui, N. (2022). Gnas promoter hypermethylation in the basolateral amygdala regulates reconsolidation of morphine reward memory in rats. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030553"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlenkov, A., Jaffe, A.E., Timashpolsky, A., Apontes, P., Rudchenko, S., Barbu, M., Byne, W., Hurd, Y.L., Horvath, S., and Dracheva, S. (2017). DNA methylation profiling of human prefrontal cortex neurons in heroin users shows significant difference between genomic contexts of hyper-and hypomethylation and a younger epigenetic age. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8060152"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Q., Xu, W., Lin, Z., Liu, J., Chen, W., Zhu, H., Lai, M., Zhuang, D., Xu, Z., and Fu, D. (2021). Role of GABRD gene methylation in the nucleus accumbens in heroin-seeking behavior in rats. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.612200"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107778","article-title":"Reversal of oxycodone conditioned place preference by oxytocin: Promoting global DNA methylation in the hippocampus","volume":"160","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.09.023","article-title":"Chromatin remodeling is a key mechanism underlying cocaine-induced plasticity in striatum","volume":"48","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.193","article-title":"Chronic cocaine-induced H3 acetylation and transcriptional activation of CaMKII\u03b1 in the nucleus accumbens is critical for motivation for drug reinforcement","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07571.x","article-title":"Increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the ventral tegmental area during cocaine abstinence is associated with increased histone acetylation at BDNF exon I-containing promoters","volume":"120","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2022.100046","article-title":"Low-and high-cocaine intake affects the spatial and temporal dynamics of class IIa HDAC expression-activity in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus of male rats as measured by [18F] TFAHA PET\/CT neuroimaging","volume":"4","author":"Perrine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.09.019","article-title":"Additive effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors and amphetamine on histone H4 acetylation, cAMP responsive element binding protein phosphorylation and \u0394FosB expression in the striatum and locomotor sensitization in mice","volume":"157","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, T.A., Jayanthi, S., McCoy, M.T., Brannock, C., Ladenheim, B., Garrett, T., Lehrmann, E., Becker, K.G., and Cadet, J.L. (2012). Methamphetamine causes differential alterations in gene expression and patterns of histone acetylation\/hypoacetylation in the rat nucleus accumbens. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034236"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadet, J.L., Jayanthi, S., McCoy, M.T., Ladenheim, B., Saint-Preux, F., Lehrmann, E., De, S., Becker, K.G., and Brannock, C. (2013). Genome-wide profiling identifies a subset of methamphetamine (METH)-induced genes associated with METH-induced increased H4K5Ac binding in the rat striatum. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-545"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.10.008","article-title":"Differential effects of binge methamphetamine injections on the mRNA expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the rat striatum","volume":"45","author":"Omonijo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-015-9591-3","article-title":"An acute methamphetamine injection downregulates the expression of several histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the mouse nucleus accumbens: Potential regulatory role of HDAC2 expression","volume":"30","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, B., Bernardi, A., Torres, O.V., Jayanthi, S., Gomez, N., Sosa, M.H., Garc\u00eda-Rill, E., Urbano, F.J., Cadet, J.L., and Bisagno, V. (2020). HDAC superfamily promoters acetylation is differentially regulated by modafinil and methamphetamine in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Addict. Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12737"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Chen, J.-A., Ding, Q.-Z., Lu, G.-Y., Wu, N., Su, R.-B., Li, F., and Li, J. (2021). Behavioral sensitization induced by methamphetamine causes differential alterations in gene expression and histone acetylation of the prefrontal cortex in rats. BMC Neurosci., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-021-00616-5"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.09.015","article-title":"Striatal H3K27 acetylation linked to glutamatergic gene dysregulation in human heroin abusers holds promise as therapeutic target","volume":"81","author":"Egervari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"405","article-title":"Histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation of BRG1 in the medial prefrontal cortex is associated with heroin self-administration in rats","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.11.009","article-title":"Epigenetic upregulation of hippocampal CXCL12 contributes to context spatial memory-associated morphine conditioning","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108598","article-title":"Repeated morphine exposure activates synaptogenesis and other neuroplasticity-related gene networks in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats","volume":"221","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Garc\u00eda, A., G\u00f3mez-Murcia, V., Fern\u00e1ndez-G\u00f3mez, F.J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Andreu, R., Hidalgo, J.M., Milan\u00e9s, M.V., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez, C. (2023). Morphine-withdrawal aversive memories and their extinction modulate H4K5 acetylation and Brd4 activation in the rat hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115055"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82206-3","article-title":"Oxycodone self-administration activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase\/mitogen-and stress-activated protein kinase (MAPK-MSK) signaling pathway in the rat dorsal striatum","volume":"11","author":"Blackwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23605","article-title":"Chronic methamphetamine regulates the expression of MicroRNAs and putative target genes in the nucleus accumbens of mice","volume":"93","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch, P., Benton, M., Macartney-Coxson, D., and Kivell, B. (2015). mRNA and microRNA analysis reveals modulation of biochemical pathways related to addiction in the ventral tegmental area of methamphetamine self-administering rats. BMC Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-015-0186-y"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0061-x","article-title":"MicroRNA expression signature of methamphetamine use and addiction in the rat nucleus accumbens","volume":"32","author":"Sim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2020.1803366","article-title":"Methamphetamine leads to the alterations of microRNA profiles in the nucleus accumbens of rats","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhu, L., Su, H., Liu, D., Yan, Z., Ni, T., Wei, H., Goh, E.L., and Chen, T. (2021). Regulation of miR-128 in the nucleus accumbens affects methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization by modulating proteins involved in neuroplasticity. Addict. Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12881"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wei, T., Zhao, W., Ren, Z., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Song, X., Zhou, R., Zhang, X., and Jiao, D. (2021). MicroRNA-181a is involved in methamphetamine addiction through the ERAD pathway. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.667725"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01651-2","article-title":"A novel microRNA, novel-m009C, regulates methamphetamine rewarding effects","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09202","article-title":"Striatal microRNA controls cocaine intake through CREB signalling","volume":"466","author":"Hollander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2615","article-title":"MeCP2 controls BDNF expression and cocaine intake through homeostatic interactions with microRNA-212","volume":"13","author":"Im","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12520","article-title":"Temporally specific miRNA expression patterns in the dorsal and ventral striatum of addiction-prone rats","volume":"23","author":"Quinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0584-5","article-title":"Cocaine-mediated downregulation of miR-124 activates microglia by targeting KLF4 and TLR4 signaling","volume":"55","author":"Periyasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68144-6","article-title":"Cocaine-regulated microRNA miR-124 controls poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 expression in neuronal cells","volume":"10","author":"Dash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo-Rodriguez, L., Cabana-Dom\u00ednguez, J., Fern\u00e0ndez-Castillo, N., Cormand, B., Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, E., and Maldonado, R. (2022). Differential expression of miR-1249-3p and miR-34b-5p between vulnerable and resilient phenotypes of cocaine addiction. Addict. Biol., 27.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13201"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05854-3","article-title":"Role of nucleus accumbens microRNA-181a and MeCP2 in incubation of heroin craving in male rats","volume":"238","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02423-4","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex microRNAs support long-lasting heroin seeking behavior in male rats","volume":"13","author":"Zanda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.224374","article-title":"Intravenous morphine self-administration alters accumbal microRNA profiles in the mouse brain","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, M., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Wang, X., Ma, H., Yang, M., Li, Y., and Cui, C. (2022). MicroRNA-132 is involved in morphine dependence via modifying the structural plasticity of the dentate gyrus neurons in rats. Addict. Biol., 27.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13086"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, M.R., Han, J.S., Jin, Y.-B., Lee, S.-R., Choi, I.Y., Lee, H., Cho, H., and Kim, D.-J. (2020). Differential expression of microRNAs in the hippocampi of male and female rodents after chronic alcohol administration. Biol. Sex Differ., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00342-3"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14505","article-title":"Alcohol Use Disorder is Associated with Upregulation of MicroRNA-34a and MicroRNA-34c in Hippocampal Postmortem Tissue","volume":"45","author":"Cavaleiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01635-w","article-title":"Exploration of alcohol use disorder-associated brain miRNA\u2013mRNA regulatory networks","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoubkov\u00e1, H., Tom\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1, A., Nohejlov\u00e1, K., \u010cern\u00e1, M., and \u0160lamberov\u00e1, R. (2019). Prenatal exposure to methamphetamine: Up-regulation of brain receptor genes. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00771"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-1058-4","article-title":"DNA methylation in children with prenatal methamphetamine exposure and environmental adversity","volume":"89","author":"Dansereau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.17.2225-JMN0503-2-1","article-title":"NIDA seeking data on effect of fetal exposure to methamphetamine","volume":"283","author":"Marwick","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.07.024","article-title":"Maternal methamphetamine exposure causes cognitive impairment and alteration of neurodevelopment-related genes in adult offspring mice","volume":"140","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.062471","article-title":"Maternal tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of adolescent psychotic symptoms in offspring","volume":"195","author":"Zammit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.06.067","article-title":"Maternal and paternal cannabis use during pregnancy and the risk of psychotic-like experiences in the offspring","volume":"202","author":"Bolhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52433-5","article-title":"Prenatal cocaine exposure and its influence on pediatric epigenetic clocks and epigenetic scores in humans","volume":"14","author":"Viola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e452","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.99","article-title":"Alteration of imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 miRNA cluster expression in the entorhinal cortex induced by maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabinoid exposure","volume":"4","author":"Hollins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115757","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of cannabis use disorder in a veteran cohort enriched for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"333","author":"Garrett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry research"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00084","article-title":"Maternal e-cigarette exposure results in cognitive and epigenetic alterations in offspring in a mouse model","volume":"31","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13769","article-title":"Efficacy of maternal choline supplementation during pregnancy in mitigating adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and cognitive function: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Jacobson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14672","article-title":"Maternal choline supplementation mitigates alcohol exposure effects on neonatal brain volumes","volume":"45","author":"Warton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3309-6","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol\u2013induced neuroapoptosis in rat brain cerebral cortex: Protective effect of folic acid and betaine","volume":"33","author":"Sogut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sebastiani, G., Borr\u00e1s-Novell, C., Alsina Casanova, M., Pascual Tutusaus, M., Ferrero Mart\u00ednez, S., G\u00f3mez Roig, M.D., and Garc\u00eda-Algar, O. (2018). The effects of alcohol and drugs of abuse on maternal nutritional profile during pregnancy. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0370.v1"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2016.12.006","article-title":"Postnatal choline supplementation selectively attenuates hippocampal microRNA alterations associated with developmental alcohol exposure","volume":"60","author":"Balaraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01784.x","article-title":"Choline supplementation and DNA methylation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to alcohol during development","volume":"36","author":"Otero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.7","article-title":"Long-term parental methamphetamine exposure of mice influences behavior and hippocampal DNA methylation of the offspring","volume":"20","author":"Itzhak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, N., Zhu, J., Wang, R., Wang, S., Chen, Y., Wang, C., Goh, E.L., and Chen, T. (2022). Maternal methamphetamine exposure influences behavioral sensitization and nucleus accumbens DNA methylation in subsequent generation. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.940798"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novikova, S.I., He, F., Bai, J., Cutrufello, N.J., Lidow, M.S., and Undieh, A.S. (2008). Maternal cocaine administration in mice alters DNA methylation and gene expression in hippocampal neurons of neonatal and prepubertal offspring. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001919"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.05.014","article-title":"Prenatal cocaine exposure impairs cognitive function of progeny via insulin growth factor II epigenetic regulation","volume":"82","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marjonen, H., Sierra, A., Nyman, A., Rogojin, V., Gr\u00f6hn, O., Linden, A.-M., Hautaniemi, S., and Kaminen-Ahola, N. (2015). Early maternal alcohol consumption alters hippocampal DNA methylation, gene expression and volume in a mouse model. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124931"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.01.009","article-title":"Periconceptional maternal alcohol consumption leads to behavioural changes in adult and aged offspring and alters the expression of hippocampal genes associated with learning and memory and regulators of the epigenome","volume":"362","author":"Lucia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.8","article-title":"Paternal cocaine taking elicits epigenetic remodeling and memory deficits in male progeny","volume":"22","author":"Wimmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000453609","article-title":"Prenatal cocaine exposure alters BDNF-TrkB signaling in the embryonic and adult brain","volume":"38","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.01.011","article-title":"Effect of morphine exposure on novel object memory of the offspring: The role of histone H3 and \u0394FosB","volume":"156","author":"Asgari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.04.007","article-title":"Prenatal morphine exposure increases gamma oscillation and theta coherence in the rat reward system","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.06.027","article-title":"Maternal cannabis use alters ventral striatal dopamine D2 gene regulation in the offspring","volume":"70","author":"DiNieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71875-1","article-title":"Investigating the influence of perinatal nicotine and alcohol exposure on the genetic profiles of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA using miRNA\u2013mRNA analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kazemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14939","article-title":"MicroRNA-150-5p is upregulated in the brain microvasculature during prenatal alcohol exposure and inhibits the angiogenic factor Vezf1","volume":"46","author":"Perales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398397-8.00006-X","article-title":"Genetic and epigenomic footprints of folate","volume":"108","author":"Salbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107682","article-title":"Lower folate levels in methamphetamine-induced psychosis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"207","author":"Hadizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32506","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced psychosis is associated with DNA hypomethylation and increased expression of AKT1 and key dopaminergic genes","volume":"171","author":"Nohesara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, W., Zhao, M., Li, M., Song, T., Zhang, M., Quan, L., Li, S., and Sun, Z.S. (2012). Reversal of cocaine-conditioned place preference through methyl supplementation in mice: Altering global DNA methylation in the prefrontal cortex. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033435"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8948","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5227-14.2015","article-title":"Methyl supplementation attenuates cocaine-seeking behaviors and cocaine-induced c-Fos activation in a DNA methylation-dependent manner","volume":"35","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12082","article-title":"Gestational choline supplementation normalized fetal alcohol-induced alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in \u03b2-endorphin-producing POMC neurons of the hypothalamus","volume":"37","author":"Bekdash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.08.009","article-title":"Choline ameliorates adult learning deficits and reverses epigenetic modification of chromatin remodeling factors related to adolescent nicotine exposure","volume":"155","author":"Gitik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.01.012","article-title":"Neurochemical and metabolic effects of acute and chronic alcohol in the human brain: Studies with positron emission tomography","volume":"122","author":"Volkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf6780","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf6780","article-title":"Ketogenic diet reduces alcohol withdrawal symptoms in humans and alcohol intake in rodents","volume":"7","author":"Wiers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiers, C.E., Manza, P., Wang, G.-J., and Volkow, N.D. (2023). Ketogenic diet reduces a neurobiological craving signature in alcohol use disorder. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.25.23296094"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107675","article-title":"D2 receptor-mediated miRNA-143 expression is associated with the effects of antipsychotic drugs on phencyclidine-induced schizophrenia-related locomotor hyperactivity and with Neuregulin-1 expression in mice","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivalingam, K., and Samikkannu, T. (2020). Neuroprotective effect of piracetam against cocaine-induced neuro epigenetic modification of DNA methylation in astrocytes. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090611"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Shi, F., Yin, W., Guo, Y., Liu, A., Shuai, J., and Sun, J. (2022). Gut microbiota dysbiosis: The potential mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts gut and brain functions. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.916765"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48428-2","article-title":"Cocaine induces inflammatory gut milieu by compromising the mucosal barrier integrity and altering the gut microbiota colonization","volume":"9","author":"Chivero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.03.015","article-title":"Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota","volume":"1693","author":"Strandwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573","article-title":"Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in psychiatric disorders: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Nikolova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chivero, E.T., Sil, S., Kumar, M., and Buch, S. (2022). Substance use, microbiome and psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 219.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2022.173432"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000897","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiome in three major psychiatric disorders","volume":"52","author":"Borkent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51142-8","article-title":"Alterations to the gastrointestinal microbiome associated with methamphetamine use among young men who have sex with men","volume":"9","author":"Cook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, J.E., Kahana, D.D., Ghuman, S., Wilson, H.P., Wilson, J., Kim, S.C., Lagishetty, V., Jacobs, J.P., Sinha-Hikim, A.P., and Friedman, T.C. (2021). Unhealthy lifestyle and gut dysbiosis: A better understanding of the effects of poor diet and nicotine on the intestinal microbiome. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.667066"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Fu, X., Hao, W., Xiang, X., Liu, T., Yang, B.Z., and Zhang, X. (2021). Gut dysbiosis associated with the rats\u2019 responses in methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Addict. Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12975"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111946","article-title":"Escalating dose-multiple binge methamphetamine treatment elicits neurotoxicity, altering gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in mice","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12934","article-title":"Chronic cigarette smoke exposure induces microbial and inflammatory shifts and mucin changes in the murine gut","volume":"18","author":"Allais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946368","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1946368","article-title":"Chronic opioid use modulates human enteric microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, P., Ma, H., Tian, W., Liu, J., Yan, X., Ma, L., Wei, S., Zhu, J., Zhu, Y., and Lai, J. (2023). Methadone maintenance treatment is more effective than compulsory detoxification in addressing gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by heroin abuse. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1283276"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97548-1","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in individuals who abuse methamphetamine","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153447","article-title":"Obeticholic acid protects against methamphetamine-induced anxiety-like behavior by ameliorating microbiota-mediated intestinal barrier impairment","volume":"486","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9767-0","article-title":"Associations between microbiota, mitochondrial function, and cognition in chronic marijuana users","volume":"13","author":"Panee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.7b00162","article-title":"Nicotine alters the gut microbiome and metabolites of gut\u2013brain interactions in a sex-specific manner","volume":"30","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000144","article-title":"Evidence for modulation of substance use disorders by the gut microbiome: Hidden in plain sight","volume":"73","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, T., Gong, X., Xie, L., and Ma, B. (2017). Gut microbiota analysis in rats with methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01620"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01437-1","article-title":"Gut\u2013microbiota\u2013brain axis in the vulnerability to psychosis in adulthood after repeated cannabis exposure during adolescence","volume":"272","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106627","article-title":"Oral and fecal microbiota perturbance in cocaine users: Can rTMS-induced cocaine abstinence support eubiosis restoration?","volume":"26","author":"Gerace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, D., Su, H., Song, Y., Chen, T., Sun, Q., Jiang, H., and Zhao, M. (2021). Altered fecal microbiota correlated with systemic inflammation in Male subjects with methamphetamine use disorder. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.783917"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06154-0","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota affect behavioral and inflammatory responses to methamphetamine in mice","volume":"239","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.05.010","article-title":"The effects of sodium butyrate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, on the cocaine-and sucrose-maintained self-administration in rats","volume":"441","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.10.046","article-title":"Effects of sodium butyrate on methamphetamine-sensitized locomotor activity","volume":"239","author":"Harkness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105796","article-title":"Propionate, rather than acetate or butyrate, ameliorates methamphetamine-induced hepatotoxicity and enterotoxicity in mice by downregulating the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23835","article-title":"Sodium butyrate modulates a methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.09.010","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids ameliorate methamphetamine-induced depression-and anxiety-like behaviors in a Sigmar-1 receptor-dependent manner","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, L., Davies, D.L., and Asatryan, L. (2022). Sodium Butyrate Supplementation Modulates Neuroinflammatory Response Aggravated by Antibiotic Treatment in a Mouse Model of Binge-like Ethanol Drinking. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415688"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.12.003","article-title":"Effects of molecular hydrogen intervention on the gut microbiome in methamphetamine abusers with mental disorder","volume":"193","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.027","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of opioid addiction","volume":"87","author":"Browne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4536-6","article-title":"Oxycodone self-administration in male and female rats","volume":"234","author":"Mavrikaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7774-1_5","article-title":"Neuroepigenetic editing","volume":"1767","author":"Hamilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenome Ed. Methods Protoc."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188472","article-title":"Cell type\u2013specific loss of BDNF signaling mimics optogenetic control of cocaine reward","volume":"330","author":"Lobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell, J.T., Zhou, Y., Weinstock, G.M., and Bubier, J.A. (2021). The gut microbiome and substance use disorder. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.725500"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Justice, M.J., and Dhillon, P. (2016). Using the Mouse to Model Human Disease: Increasing Validity and Reproducibility, The Company of Biologists Ltd.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.024547"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/8\/769\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:26:24Z","timestamp":1760109984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/8\/769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14080769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14080769","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]}}}