{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:40:47Z","timestamp":1782456047201,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paper-based or IT tools can be used in telerehabilitation mode to improve the skills of children with developmental dyslexia (DD), seeking to increase reading speed and reduce errors. Telerehabilitation is the provision of remote treatments in which the patient works autonomously in a familiar environment under the remote monitoring, through telecommunication means, of an expert operator. Through telerehabilitation, children with DD can receive treatments outside the specialist clinic, at home or school, via internet connections, and through advanced technological platforms. These procedures allow adequate communication with the family, intensity of treatment, self-adaptivity of exercises, and child engagement; these factors are crucial for a high intervention efficacy. Recent studies have supported the effectiveness of the telerehabilitation of reading in children with DD, with some studies reporting no differences in efficacy between remote and in-person methods. Nevertheless, many points remain to be clarified about the procedures and methods required by telerehabilitation, the variables linked to its effectiveness (e.g., the impact of the intensity of the training and the neuropsychological profile of the child), and the comparative validity of different tele-treatment paths. These aspects are discussed in the present paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T11:33:52Z","timestamp":1723030432000},"page":"793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Telerehabilitation of Developmental Dyslexia: Critical Considerations on Intervention Methods and Their Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Casalini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Pecini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [5th ed.]. Text Revision (DSM-5-TR\u00c2\u00ae).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420920377","article-title":"The Prevalence of Dyslexia: A New Approach to its Estimation","volume":"53","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Bi, H.Y. (2022). Comparative research on neural dysfunction in children with dyslexia under different writing systems: A meta-analysis study. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104650"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Li, C., Li, X., Zhai, M., An, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., and Weng, X. (2022). Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia in Primary School Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020240"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"50","article-title":"A review of the neurobiological basis of dyslexia in the adult population","volume":"32","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.10.771","article-title":"Two translocations of chromosome 15q associated with dyslexia","volume":"37","author":"Taipale","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201575","article-title":"The genetics of developmental dyslexia","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman, N.H., Navas, P., Dorschner, M.O., Mehaffey, M., Wigg, K.G., Price, K.M., Naumova, O.Y., Kerr, E.N., Guger, S.L., and Lovett, M.W. (2023). Targeted analysis of dyslexia-associated regions on chromosomes 6, 12 and 15 in large multigenerational cohorts. bioRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.01.551585"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"11553","article-title":"A candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain","volume":"100","author":"Taipale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cal\u00ec, F., Di Blasi, F.D., Avola, E., Vinci, M., Musumeci, A., Gloria, A., Greco, D., Raciti, D.R., Zagami, A., and Rizzo, B. (2023). Specific Learning Disorders: Variation Analysis of 15 Candidate Genes in 9 Multiplex Families. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081503"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2022.2157833","article-title":"Working Memory and Manual Dexterity in Dyslexic Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1572758","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of naming-speed deficits in developmental dyslexia","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cappelli, G., and Noccetti, S. (2022). Late effects of early language delay on complex language and literacy abilities: A clinical approach to dyslexia in subjects with a previous language impairment. A Linguistic Approach to the Study of Dyslexia, Multilingual Matters."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.408","article-title":"Procedural learning and dyslexia","volume":"16","author":"Nicolson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.12.006","article-title":"Speed of processing and reading disability: A cross-linguistic investigation of dyslexia and borderline intellectual functioning","volume":"107","author":"Bonifacci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290500483090","article-title":"The relationship between visuo-spatial attention and nonword reading in developmental dyslexia","volume":"23","author":"Facoetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2019.1669609","article-title":"A meta-analysis of executive functioning in dyslexia with consideration of the impact of comorbid ADHD","volume":"31","author":"Lonergan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"3","article-title":"Dual-route theories of reading aloud","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Adelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Visual Word Recognition: Models and Methods, Orthography and Phonology"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Patterson, K., Marshall, J., and Coltheart, M. (1985). Beneath the surface of Developmental Dyslexia. Surface Dyslexia: Neurological and Cognitive Studies of Phonological Reading, Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/023)","article-title":"Language deficits in poor comprehenders: A case for the simple view of reading","volume":"49","author":"Catts","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.185","article-title":"From language to reading and dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Snowling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01896-8","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The cerebellar deficit hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Nicolson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70840-2","article-title":"Visual-Spatial attention in developmental dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Facoetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.186","article-title":"The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00035-7","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: Specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor dysfunction?","volume":"13","author":"Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x","article-title":"Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades?","volume":"45","author":"Vellutino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Blachman, B.A. (1997). The Role of Temporal Processing in Developmental Language-Based Learning Disorders: Research and Clinical Implications. Foundations of Reading Acquisition and Dyslexia. Implications for Early Intervention, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011555","article-title":"The Neurocognition of Developmental Disorders of Language","volume":"71","author":"Ullman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.03.008","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: A deficit in magnocellular-parvocellular co-activation, not simply in pure magnocellular activation","volume":"159","author":"Contemori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.10.008","article-title":"Dyslexia and the magnocellular-parvocellular coactivaton hypothesis","volume":"179","author":"Ciavarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20670","article-title":"When all hypotheses are right: A multifocal account of dyslexia","volume":"30","author":"Pernet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.003","article-title":"Different underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia: A comparative study","volume":"48","author":"Menghini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.08.038","article-title":"How many deficits in the same dyslexic brains? A behavioural and fMRI assessment of comorbidity in adult dyslexics","volume":"97","author":"Danelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2002_6","article-title":"What Framework Should We Use for Understanding Developmental Disorders?","volume":"20","author":"Frith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.09.003","article-title":"From dyslexia to dyslexias, from dysgraphia to dysgraphias, from a cause to causes: A look at current research on developmental dyslexia and dysgraphia","volume":"46","author":"Zoccolotti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6","article-title":"Developmental Dyslexia","volume":"379","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112842","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorusso, M.L., and Toraldo, A. (2023). Revisiting multifactor models of dyslexia: Do they fit empirical data and what are their implications for intervention?. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020328"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Cs\u00e9pe, V. (2003). Brain functions and speech perception in infants at risk for dyslexia. Dyslexia: Different Brain, Different Behaviour. Neuropsychology and Cognition Series, Kluwer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2004.11.001","article-title":"Psychophysiology of developmental dyslexia: A review of findings including studies of children at risk for dyslexia","volume":"18","author":"Lyytinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cs\u00e9pe, V. (2003). Dyslexia: Different Brain, Different Behaviour, Kluwer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0139-8"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09735-3","article-title":"Cognitive Profiles of Children with Isolated and Comorbid Learning Difficulties in Reading and Math: A Meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Reuber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-020-00035-y","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity among children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"27","author":"Darweesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Middle East. Curr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2015.1072536","article-title":"Developmental Dyslexia with and without Language Impairment: ERPs Reveal Qualitative Differences in Morphosyntactic Processing","volume":"40","author":"Cantiani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margari, L., Buttiglione, M., Craig, F., Cristella, A., de Giambattista, C., Matera, E., Operto, F., and Simone, M. (2013). Neuropsychopathological comorbidities in learning disorders. BMC Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-198"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0458-y","article-title":"Anxiety and Attentional Bias in Children with Specific Learning Disorders","volume":"47","author":"Haft","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14672","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional challenges in children with reading difficulties","volume":"108","author":"Nachshon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser, L., Kalmar, J., Linkersd\u00f6rfer, J., G\u00f6rgen, R., Rothe, J., Hasselhorn, M., and Schulte-K\u00f6rne, G. (2020). Comorbidities between Specific Learning Disorders and Psychopathology in Elementary School Children in Germany. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00292"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristofani, P., Di Lieto, M.C., Casalini, C., Pecini, C., Baroncini, M., Pessina, O., Gasperini, F., Dasso Lang, M.B., Bartoli, M., and Chilosi, A.M. (2023). Specific Learning Disabilities and Emotional-Behavioral Difficulties: Phenotypes and Role of the Cognitive Profile. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051882"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00691","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability","volume":"41","author":"Willcutt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1517","article-title":"Academic Achievement of University Students with Dyslexia","volume":"21","author":"Olofsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022534527021","article-title":"Reading problems and depressed mood","volume":"31","author":"Maughan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414529336","article-title":"Anxiety and Depression in Children with Nonverbal Learning Disabilities, Reading Disabilities, or Typical Development","volume":"49","author":"Mammarella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, E., Cotov, M., Brovedani, P., Coppola, G., Meoni, T., Papini, M., Terlizzi, T., Vernucci, C., Pecini, C., and Muratori, P. (2020). Associations between Learning and Behavioral Difficulties in Second-Grade Children. Children, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/children7090112"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194060390010201","article-title":"Depression among students with learning disabilities: Assessing the risk","volume":"39","author":"Maag","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411422260","article-title":"Internalizing problems of adults with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Klassen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-021-00223-3","article-title":"Two aspects of psychological functioning in undergraduates with a history of reading difficulties: Anxiety and self-efficacy","volume":"71","author":"Elgendi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410391186","article-title":"Neuropsychological treatment of dyslexia: Does type of treatment matter?","volume":"44","author":"Lorusso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (2020, June 03). Linea Guida sulla Gestione dei Disturbi Specifici dell\u2019Apprendimento. Aggiornamento ed Integrazioni 2022 [Guideline on the Management of Specific Learning Disabilities. Updates and Additions 2022]. Available online: https:\/\/www.iss.it\/documents\/20126\/8331678\/LG-389-AIP_DSA.pdf\/a288d319-fb01-bb17-9be1-d1cbd6a50e19?t=1677495513359."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.2010.02014.x","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for reading and language difficulties: Creating a virtuous circle","volume":"81","author":"Snowling","year":"2011","journal-title":"British J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"311","article-title":"Interventions for children with dyslexia: A review on current intervention methods","volume":"73","author":"Yuzaidey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"215","article-title":"Evidence for reading improvement following tDCS treatment in children and adolescents with Dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Costanzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.07.006","article-title":"Effect of colored filters on reading capabilities in dyslexic children","volume":"83","author":"Razuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040902927614","article-title":"Reading and spelling disabilities in children with and without a history of early language delay: A neuropsychological and linguistic study","volume":"15","author":"Chilosi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X67610","article-title":"Profiles of children with specific reading comprehension difficulties","volume":"76","author":"Cain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2010.529219","article-title":"The precursors of reading ability in young readers: Evidence from a four-year longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Oakhill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e20170414","article-title":"Relationship between phonological working memory, metacognitive skills and reading comprehension in children with learning disabilities","volume":"26","author":"Crenitte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Yuill, N., and Oakhill, J. (1991). Children Problems in Text Comprehension, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90010-8","article-title":"The influence of orthographic consistency on reading development: Word recognition in English and German children","volume":"51","author":"Wimmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2013.814569","article-title":"Developmental Dyslexia in a regular orthography: Can the reading profile be reduced to strategic control?","volume":"30","author":"Trenta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00005-X","article-title":"The impact of orthographic consistency on Dyslexia: A German-English comparison","volume":"63","author":"Landerl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.3.332","article-title":"The meanings and measurement of clinical significance","volume":"67","author":"Kazdin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"291","article-title":"Significativit\u00e0 clinica negli studi di efficacia dei trattamenti per i disturbi dell\u2019apprendimento: Una proposta (Clinical significance in efficacy studies for the treatment of learning disabilities: A proposal)","volume":"12","author":"Tressoldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psicol. Clin. Svilupp."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Marcalee, A. (2022). Telerehabilitation, Principles and Practices, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Buysse, V., Peisner-Feinberg, E.S., and Paul, H. (2013). Responsiveness to intervention in the elementary grades: Implications for early childhood education. Handbook of Response to Intervention in Early Childhood, Brookes Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932514558337","article-title":"Rethinking service delivery for students with significant learning problems: Developing and implementing intensive instruction","volume":"36","author":"Fuchs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remedial Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v8i3.442","article-title":"Treatment of dyslexia in a regular orthography: Efficacy and efficiency (Cost-effectiveness) comparison between home vs clinic-based treatments","volume":"8","author":"Tressoldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/107830299312131","article-title":"Aspects of human factors engineering in home telemedicine and telerehabilitation systems","volume":"5","author":"Lathan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Telemed. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.4.112801.121923","article-title":"Telerehabilitation research: Emerging opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Winters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa072","article-title":"COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: Evidence from the field","volume":"27","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Med. Inform Assoc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2022.07.042","article-title":"The impact of digital interventions on medication adherence in paediatric populations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and\/or anxiety: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Vitija","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40012-023-00371-4","article-title":"Digital Health in 2030: A peep into the future","volume":"11","author":"Ganapathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"CSI Trans. ICT"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"389","article-title":"Problematiche e prospettive dell\u2019intervento a distanza nei disturbi del neurosviluppo: Una riflessione critica (Problems and prospects of telemedicine in neurodevelopmental disorders)","volume":"3","author":"Casalini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psicol. Clin. Dello Svilupp."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04481-8","article-title":"So far so close: An insight into smart working and telehealth reorganization of a Language and Learning Disorders Service in Milan during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"41","author":"Sarti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarti, D., De Salvatore, M., Pagliano, E., Granocchio, E., Traficante, D., and Lombardi, E. (2021). Telerehabilitation and wellbeing experience in children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8110988"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancer, A., Sarti, D., De Salvatore, M., Granocchio, E., Chieffo, D.P.R., and Antonietti, A. (2021). Dyslexia telerehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a rhythm-based intervention for reading. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8111011"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, S., Hanlon, P., O\u2019Donnell, C.A., Garcia, S., Glanville, J., and Mair, F.S. (2016). Understanding factors affecting patient and public engagement and recruitment to digital health interventions: A systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0359-3"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Rocha, A.M.A.C., Garau, C., Scorza, F., Karaca, Y., and Torre, C.M. (2023). Ethical Artificial Intelligence in Telerehabilitation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Position Paper. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2023 Workshops, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37126-4"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1619","article-title":"Training RAN or reading? A telerehabilitation study on developmental dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Pecini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021606","article-title":"Individualizing a web-based structure strategy intervention for fifth graders\u2019 comprehension of nonfiction","volume":"103","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2021.101013","article-title":"Working memory capacity, variability, and response to intervention at age 6 and its association to inattention and mathematics age 9","volume":"58","author":"Judd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/bin.1938","article-title":"Assessing the social validity of telehealth-based applied behavior analysis services for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"38","author":"Nohelty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Interv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.290","article-title":"Telepractice in early childhood intervention: A parent-reported social validity scale","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.2196\/rehab.7511","article-title":"Telerehabilitation: Review of the State-of-the-Art and Areas of Application","volume":"4","author":"Peretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1123-3","article-title":"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Oriented Parent-Training for Parents of Children with Autism","volume":"27","author":"Corti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child. Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103834","article-title":"Evaluation of a digital game-based reading training for German children with reading disorder","volume":"150","author":"Huemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2021.05.005","article-title":"Improving cognitive functions in adolescents with learning difficulties: A feasibility study on the potential use of telerehabilitation during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","volume":"89","author":"Maggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frigerio, P., Del Monte, L., Sotgiu, A., De Giacomo, C., and Vignoli, A. (2022). Parents\u2019 satisfaction of tele-rehabilitation for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Primary Care, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01747-2"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorusso, M.L., Borasio, F., and Molteni, M. (2022). Remote Neuropsychological Intervention for Developmental Dyslexia with the Tachidino Platform: No Reduction in Effectiveness for Older nor for More Severely Impaired Children. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9010071"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capodieci, A., Romano, M., Castro, E., Di Lieto, M.C., Bonetti, S., Spoglianti, S., and Pecini, C. (2022). Executive functions and rapid automatized naming: A new tele-rehabilitation approach in children with language and learning disorders. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060822"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2022.2106468","article-title":"Telerehabilitation for children and youth with developmental disabilities and their families: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Ogourtsova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Occup. Ther. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.16.04426-1","article-title":"Telerehabilitation in developmental dyslexia: Methods of implementation and expected results","volume":"70","author":"Pecini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194070400030201","article-title":"Efficacy of an intervention to improve fluency in children with developmental dyslexia in a regular orthography","volume":"40","author":"Tressoldi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"53","article-title":"Efficacy and efficiency outcomes of a training to ameliorate developmental dyslexia using the online software Reading trainer","volume":"273","author":"Tucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"BPA Appl. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capodieci, A., Graziani, D., Scali, V., Giaccherini, S., Luccherino, L., and Pecini, C. (2023). Telerehabilitation pathways in specific learning disorders: Improving reading and writing. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030479"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.044","article-title":"Action Video Games Make Dyslexic Children Read Better","volume":"23","author":"Franceschini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vander Stappen, C.V., and Van Reybroeck, M. (2018). Phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming are independent phonological competencies with specific impacts on word reading and spelling: An intervention study. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00320"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107566","article-title":"RAN training in dyslexia: Behavioral and brain correlates","volume":"146","author":"Dricot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010076108","article-title":"A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety","volume":"108","author":"Moffitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1758","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1758","article-title":"The challenge of remote treatment in neuropsychological intervention for reading and spelling in dyslexia: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Lorusso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12619","article-title":"An evidence-based synthesis of instructional reading and spelling procedures using telepractice: A rapid review in the context of COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Furlong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12758","article-title":"The effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems on K-12 students\u2019 reading comprehension: A meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capodieci, A., Cornoldi, C., Doerr, E., Bertolo, L., and Carretti, B. (2020). The use of new technologies for improving reading comprehension. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00751"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1654","article-title":"A computer-based Pinyin intervention for disadvantaged children in China: Effects on Pinyin skills, phonological awareness, and character reading","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2022.2052884","article-title":"Testing the effects of GraphoGame against a computer-assisted math intervention in primary school","volume":"26","author":"Lassault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12592","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of a game-based phonics intervention for first and second grade English language learners in India: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15499","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15499","article-title":"Dynamic assessment of the effectiveness of digital game-based literacy training in beginning readers: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Glatz","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015431","article-title":"Treatment integrity assessment in the schools: An evaluation of the Treatment Integrity Planning Protocol","volume":"24","author":"Sanetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Q."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2017.12087606","article-title":"Generalizability of multiple measures of treatment integrity: Comparisons among direct observation, permanent products, and self-report","volume":"46","author":"Gresham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22364","article-title":"Treatment fidelity reporting in intervention outcome studies in the school psychology literature from 2009 to 2016","volume":"57","author":"Sanetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sch."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12238","article-title":"Treatment Fidelity: What it is and Why it Matters","volume":"36","author":"Sanetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"393","article-title":"Maintaining Intervention Fidelity When Using Technology Delivery Across Studies","volume":"38","author":"Bonar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Inform. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-017-9429-z","article-title":"Examining how treatment fidelity is supported, measured, and reported in K\u20133 reading intervention research","volume":"30","author":"Capin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589330","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.589330","article-title":"Telerehabilitation for Word Retrieval Deficits in Bilinguals with Aphasia: Effectiveness and Reliability as Compared to In-person Language Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Scimeca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holthe, I., Rohrer-Baumgartner, N., Svendsen, E., Hauger, S., Forslund, M., Borgen, I., \u00d8ra, H., Kleffelg\u00e5rd, I., Strand-Saugnes, A., and Egeland, J. (2022). Feasibility and Acceptability of a Complex Telerehabilitation Intervention for Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury: The Child in Context Intervention (CICI). J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092564"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000046804","article-title":"Mismatch negativity and late discriminative negativity in investigating speech perception and learning in children and infants","volume":"6","author":"Cheour","year":"2001","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro-Otol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/415599b","article-title":"Speech sounds learned by sleeping newborns","volume":"415","author":"Cheour","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101870","article-title":"A systematic review evaluating the implementation of technologies to assess, monitor, and treat neurodevelopmental disorders: A map of the current evidence","volume":"80","author":"Valentine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorusso, M.L., Borasio, F., Da Rold, M., and Martinuzzi, A. (2021). Towards consensus on good practices for the use of new technologies for intervention and support in developmental dyslexia: A Delphi study conducted among Italian specialized professionals. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121126"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-023-00161-2","article-title":"A dual-process model for cognitive training","volume":"8","author":"Ericson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Npj Sci. Learn."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093006","article-title":"Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatments","volume":"12","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/096382800445443","article-title":"Motivation as a predictor of changes in quality of life and working ability in multidisciplinary rehabilitation. A two-year follow-up of a prospective controlled study in patients with prolonged musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"22","author":"Grahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28771","DOI":"10.2196\/28771","article-title":"The effect of digital health interventions on parents\u2019 mental health literacy and help seeking for their child\u2019s mental health problem: Systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Peyton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pool, J., Indulska, M., and Sadiq, S. (2024). Large language models and generative AI in telehealth: A responsible use lens. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., ocae035.","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae035"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357633X231169055","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X231169055","article-title":"Artificial intelligence: Augmenting telehealth with large language models","volume":"11","author":"Snoswell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1614","article-title":"Predicting responsiveness to a sustained reading and spelling intervention in children with dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Tilanus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyslexia"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/8\/793\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:31:34Z","timestamp":1760110294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/8\/793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14080793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14080793","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]}}}