{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:51:09Z","timestamp":1793109069475,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work aims to shed light on the differential diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) within the context of intimate partner violence (IPV), which represents a highly innovative field of clinical research. To this end, a critical review of the literature was conducted to identify and compare the clinical patterns and symptomatic overlaps among cPTSD, PTSD, and BPD, with an emphasis on their manifestation in both IPV victims and offenders. The results show that despite some symptomatic similarities, cPTSD, PTSD, and BPD have distinct clinical patterns of interpersonal violence. Specifically, disturbances in self-organization (DSO) are more commonly found in offenders, while the diagnosis of cPTSD seems more aligned with the psychological functioning of victims. In addition, cPTSD and specific characteristics of BPD, such as fear of rejection and instability of identity, constitute risk factors for IPV victimization. cPTSD is shown as a predisposing factor not only for IPV victims but also for offenders, while PTSD emerges as a consequential factor. The specific pathways linking PTSD, cPTSD, and BPD with IPV have significant implications for clinical practice. Further research is needed to understand these profiles and the mechanisms linking trauma-related features to IPV, which is crucial for implementing effective violence prevention programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14090856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T04:48:25Z","timestamp":1724647705000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Understanding Trauma in IPV: Distinguishing Complex PTSD, PTSD, and BPD in Victims and Offenders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7049-6580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione di Psicologia Cognitiva APC e Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Visco-Comandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione di Psicologia Cognitiva APC e Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6417-6509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione di Psicologia Cognitiva APC e Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, 00185 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7430-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Ciringione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy"},{"name":"Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 37122 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Cornacchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Cognitivismo Clinico, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8163-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Gino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 58100 Grosseto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1344-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loreta","family":"Cannito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Fadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione di Psicologia Cognitiva APC e Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione di Psicologia Cognitiva APC e Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, 00185 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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