{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:27:40Z","timestamp":1790702860027,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sapienza University","award":["RM122181675BD4-FF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM122181675BD4-FF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Art therapy has a long history of applications in cognitive and motor rehabilitation. More recently, a growing body of scientific literature has highlighted the potential of virtual reality in neurorehabilitation, though it has focused more on the technology itself than on the principles adopted in digital scenarios. Methods: This study is a single-blind randomized controlled trial conducted on 40 patients with stroke, comparing conventional therapy (physical therapy for the upper and lower limbs, for posture and balance, cognitive therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and specific therapy for swallowing, bowel, and bladder dysfunctions) to a protocol in which the upper limb physical therapy was substituted with art therapy administered by means of virtual reality exploiting the so-called Michelangelo effect. Results: After 12 sessions, patients in the virtual art therapy group showed a significantly greater improvement in independence in activities of daily living, as assessed by the Barthel Index (interaction of time and group: p = 0.001). Significant differences were also found in terms of upper limb muscle strength (Manual Muscle Test, p &lt; 0.01) and reduction in spasticity (Ashworth scale, p = 0.007) in favor of the experimental group. In the virtual art therapy group, the effectiveness of the intervention was significantly correlated with patient participation (Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale: R = 0.41), patient satisfaction (R = 0.60), and the perceived utility of the intervention by the therapist (R = 0.43). Conclusions: These findings support the efficacy of virtual art therapy leveraging the Michelangelo effect. Further studies should also focus on cognitive domains that could benefit from this type of approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14090863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T09:26:51Z","timestamp":1724750811000},"page":"863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Efficacy of a Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Protocol Based on Art Therapy in Patients with Stroke: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Tieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virtual Reality & Digital Neuroscience Lab, Department of Law and Digital Society, Unitelma Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Iosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Fortini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa di Cura Nomentana Hospital, Fonte Nuova, 00013 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Aghilarre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa di Cura Nomentana Hospital, Fonte Nuova, 00013 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa di Cura Nomentana Hospital, Fonte Nuova, 00013 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Rubeca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa di Cura Nomentana Hospital, Fonte Nuova, 00013 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Mastropietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0253-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Antonucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"De Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa di Cura Nomentana Hospital, Fonte Nuova, 00013 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pasquale, P., Bonanno, M., Mojdehdehbaher, S., Quartarone, A., and Calabr\u00f2, R.S. 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