{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:48Z","timestamp":1760145828697,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between epilepsy and myasthenia gravis has rarely been reported, and when it has been reported, it has only been in a small case series. The aim of the present study was to report the frequency of epilepsy and myasthenia gravis and to describe a case series of patients with myasthenia gravis and epilepsy, focusing on their clinical characteristics and searching for a possible physiopathological mechanism. A retrospective, observational, adult center study was conducted in 2022. Patients were recruited from the database of the outpatient clinic of the Myasthenia Gravis and Epilepsy Unit of the Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. Five patients were included. The frequency of epilepsy in the myasthenia gravis cohort was 5\/469 (1.1%), and the frequency of myasthenia gravis in the epilepsy cohort was 5\/1432 (0.35%). All patients suffered from focal epilepsy, mainly temporo-central, which was drug-resistant in 3\/5 Myasthenia gravis, which was generalized and with exacerbations in 3\/5. Three patients were thymectomized (anatomopathology: thymic hyperplasia). Other autoimmune diseases were found in two (40%). Epilepsy onset preceded myasthenia gravis onset in all patients. Both diseases were considered autoimmune-related in 3\/5, related to genetic predisposition due to altered innate immune system in 1\/5, and due to chance or to treatment in 1\/5. Epilepsy and myasthenia gravis are only infrequently associated. In adult patients, epilepsy onset precedes myasthenia onset in most cases. In some cases, epilepsy has an autoimmune etiology and coexists with other autoimmune conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14090870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1724846050000},"page":"870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epilepsy and Myasthenia Gravis: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"I\u00f1igo","family":"Oyarzun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, Hospital de Basurto, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, Neurological Diseases and Neurogenetics Group, Neuroscience Area, Institud d\u00b4Investigaci\u00f3 Hospital de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, Neurological Diseases and Neurogenetics Group, Neuroscience Area, Institud d\u00b4Investigaci\u00f3 Hospital de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacint","family":"Sala-Padr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, Neurological Diseases and Neurogenetics Group, Neuroscience Area, Institud d\u00b4Investigaci\u00f3 Hospital de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6099-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Morandeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Central Laboratory Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Casasnovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Unit, Neurology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, Neurological Diseases and Neurogenetics Group, Neuroscience Area, Institud d\u00b4Investigaci\u00f3 Hospital de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Falip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, Neurological Diseases and Neurogenetics Group, Neuroscience Area, Institud d\u00b4Investigaci\u00f3 Hospital de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.188","article-title":"Population-Level Evidence for an Autoimmune Etiology of Epilepsy","volume":"71","author":"Ong","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.12.015","article-title":"Epilepsy and autoimmune diseases: Comorbidity in a national patient cohort","volume":"75","author":"Engeland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"5","author":"Gilhus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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