{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:18:00Z","timestamp":1793049480801,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Increasing evidence shows an involvement of brain plasticity mechanisms in both motor and central manifestations of neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). These mechanisms could be specifically addressed with neuromodulation or rehabilitation protocols. The aim of this scoping review is to summarise the evidence on plasticity mechanisms\u2019 involvement in NMDs to encourage future research. Methods: A scoping review was conducted searching the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases. We selected papers addressing brain plasticity and central nervous system (CNS) studies through non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in myopathies, muscular dystrophies, myositis and spinal muscular atrophy. Results: A total of 49 papers were selected for full-text examination. Regardless of the variety of pathogenetic and clinical characteristics of NMDs, studies show widespread changes in intracortical inhibition mechanisms, as well as disruptions in glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, resulting in altered brain plasticity. Therapeutic interventions with neurostimulation techniques, despite being conducted only anecdotally or on small samples, show promising results; Conclusions: despite challenges posed by the rarity and heterogeneity of NMDs, recent evidence suggests that synaptic plasticity may play a role in the pathogenesis of various muscular diseases, affecting not only central symptoms but also strength and fatigue. Key questions remain unanswered about the role of plasticity and its potential as a therapeutic target. As disease-modifying therapies advance, understanding CNS involvement in NMDs could lead to more tailored treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14100971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T11:40:27Z","timestamp":1727350827000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Brain Plasticity in Neuromuscular Disorders: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3627-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Alonge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6563-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Gadaleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8596-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Urbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Lupica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"U.O.C. Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papardo, 98121 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9805-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Brighina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Torrente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupica, A., Di Stefano, V., Gagliardo, A., Iacono, S., Pignolo, A., Ferlisi, S., Torrente, A., Pagano, S., Gangitano, M., and Brighina, F. 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