{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:31:51Z","timestamp":1760146311190,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]],"date-time":"2024-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBK.C230.23.056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.C230.23.056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The dysregulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with various mental disorders. One of the most commonly described parameters of HPA axis functioning is the cortisol awakening response (CAR). To date, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between personality disorders and CAR. The present study aimed to compare the CAR between individuals with personality disorders and healthy controls. Moreover, the study aimed to assess the association of CAR with cognitive biases and psychopathological symptoms in people with personality disorders. Methods: A total of 43 individuals with personality disorders and 45 healthy controls were enrolled. Participants completed questionnaires measuring the severity of depressive symptoms, anxiety, cognitive biases, and psychotic-like experiences. Cortisol levels were measured in four morning saliva samples: immediately after awakening, and after 15, 30, and 45 min. Results: A significantly lower CAR was found among individuals with personality disorders, even after adjustment for age, sex, and the level of education. However, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed a relatively low area under the curve (AUC = 0.362). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between the CAR and the level of external attribution bias among individuals with personality disorders. No significant associations of the CAR with psychopathological symptoms and other cognitive biases were observed. Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate that the HPA axis activity might be altered in personality disorders. However, the clinical utility of this observation needs further studies in larger samples. External attribution might be related to the HPA axis alterations in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14101040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1729483029000},"page":"1040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blunted Cortisol Awakening Response Is Associated with External Attribution Bias Among Individuals with Personality Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bogna","family":"Bogudzi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Maciaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Sta\u0144czykiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Bielawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dybek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Alejnikowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3997-609X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Paw\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"Misiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014","article-title":"The Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR): Facts and Future Directions","volume":"72","author":"Fries","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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