{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T04:28:05Z","timestamp":1794025685145,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Humans exhibit a remarkable ability to synchronize their actions with external auditory stimuli through a process called auditory\u2013motor or rhythmic entrainment. Positive effects of rhythmic entrainment have been demonstrated in adults with neurological movement disorders, yet the neural substrates supporting the transformation of auditory input into timed rhythmic motor outputs are not fully understood. We aimed to systematically map and synthesize the research on the neural correlates of auditory\u2013motor entrainment and synchronization. Methods: Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews, a systematic search was conducted across four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, and Scopus) for articles published between 2013 and 2023. Results: From an initial return of 1430 records, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized based on the neuroimaging modality. There is converging evidence that auditory\u2013motor synchronization engages bilateral cortical and subcortical networks, including the supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Specifically, the supplementary motor area and the basal ganglia are essential for beat-based timing and internally guided rhythmic movements, while the cerebellum plays an important role in tracking and processing complex rhythmic patterns and synchronizing to the external beat. Self-paced tapping is associated with additional activations in the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia, suggesting that tapping in the absence of auditory cues requires more neural resources. Lastly, existing studies indicate that movement rate and the type of music further modulate the EEG power in the alpha and beta frequency bands. Conclusions: These findings are discussed in the context of clinical implications and rhythm-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1730088902000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["From Sound to Movement: Mapping the Neural Mechanisms of Auditory\u2013Motor Entrainment and Synchronization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marija","family":"Pranji\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Music and Health Science Research Collaboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9578-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thenille","family":"Braun Janzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo 09606-045, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5616-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Vuk\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Zagreb 10000, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Thaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Music and Health Science Research Collaboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science and Rehabilitation Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2017.1400463","article-title":"Why Do We Fall into Sync with Others? Interpersonal Synchronization and the Brain\u2019s Optimization Principle","volume":"14","author":"Koban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2010.28.1.3","article-title":"The Ecology of Entrainment: Foundations of Coordinated Rhythmic Movement","volume":"28","author":"Aktipis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0371-2","article-title":"Sensorimotor Synchronization: A Review of Recent Research (2006\u20132012)","volume":"20","author":"Repp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.024","article-title":"Why Do We Move to the Beat? A Multi-Scale Approach, from Physical Principles to Brain Dynamics","volume":"112","author":"Damm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00263.2005","article-title":"An Oscillatory Hierarchy Controlling Neuronal Excitability and Stimulus Processing in the Auditory Cortex","volume":"94","author":"Lakatos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.1.119","article-title":"The Dynamics of Attending: How People Track Time-Varying Events","volume":"106","author":"Large","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaut, M.H., McIntosh, G.C., and Hoemberg, V. (2015). Neurobiological Foundations of Neurologic Music Therapy: Rhythmic Entrainment and the Motor System. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01185"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1013-x","article-title":"Rhythmic Entrainment: Why Humans Want to, Fireflies Can\u2019t Help It, Pet Birds Try, and Sea Lions Have to Be Bribed","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, J.M., and Balasubramaniam, R. (2014). Physical and Neural Entrainment to Rhythm: Human Sensorimotor Coordination across Tasks and Effector Systems. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00576"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.08.002","article-title":"The Evolution of Rhythm Processing","volume":"22","author":"Kotz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024208","article-title":"Sensorimotor Coupling in Music and the Psychology of the Groove","volume":"141","author":"Janata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06402.x","article-title":"Without It No Music: Beat Induction as a Fundamental Musical Trait","volume":"1252","author":"Honing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Criscuolo, A., Schwartze, M., Prado, L., Ayala, Y., Merchant, H., and Kotz, S.A. (2023). Macaque Monkeys and Humans Sample Temporal Regularities in the Acoustic Environment. Prog. Neurobiol., 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2023.102502"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merchant, H., Grahn, J., Trainor, L., Rohrmeier, M., and Fitch, W.T. (2015). Finding the Beat: A Neural Perspective across Humans and Non-Human Primates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 370.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0093"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.03.038","article-title":"Experimental Evidence for Synchronization to a Musical Beat in a Nonhuman Animal","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravignani, A., Bowling, D.L., and Fitch, W.T. (2014). Chorusing, Synchrony, and the Evolutionary Functions of Rhythm. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01118"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001363","article-title":"Tiny Dancers: Effects of Musical Familiarity and Tempo on Children\u2019s Free Dancing","volume":"58","author":"Kragness","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000121107","article-title":"Rhythmic Engagement with Music in Infancy","volume":"107","author":"Zentner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, D.J., and Grahn, J.A. (2014). Enhanced Timing Abilities in Percussionists Generalize to Rhythms without a Musical Beat. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.01003"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20018","article-title":"Moving on Time: Brain Network for Auditory-Motor Synchronization Is Modulated by Rhythm Complexity and Musical Training","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalla Bella, S., Janaqi, S., Benoit, C.-E., Farrugia, N., B\u00e9gel, V., Verga, L., Harding, E.E., and Kotz, S.A. (2024). Unravelling Individual Rhythmic Abilities Using Machine Learning. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51257-7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4524-1","article-title":"Sensorimotor Integration Is Enhanced in Dancers and Musicians","volume":"234","author":"Karpati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2009.08.002","article-title":"Sensorimotor Synchronization and Perception of Timing: Effects of Music Training and Task Experience","volume":"29","author":"Repp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheurich, R., Zamm, A., and Palmer, C. (2018). Tapping Into Rate Flexibility: Musical Training Facilitates Synchronization Around Spontaneous Production Rates. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00458"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0751-7","article-title":"Asymmetry, Connectivity, and Segmentation of the Arcuate Fascicle in the Human Brain","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.04.207","article-title":"Interactions between Auditory and Dorsal Premotor Cortex during Synchronization to Musical Rhythms","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.5.893","article-title":"Rhythm and Beat Perception in Motor Areas of the Brain","volume":"19","author":"Grahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs083","article-title":"Finding and Feeling the Musical Beat: Striatal Dissociations between Detection and Prediction of Regularity","volume":"23","author":"Grahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2007.09.009","article-title":"Distinct Cortico-Cerebellar Activations in Rhythmic Auditory Motor Synchronization","volume":"45","author":"Thaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206433","article-title":"Sensorimotor Synchronization: A Review of the Tapping Literature","volume":"12","author":"Repp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Steen, M.C., and Keller, P.E. (2013). The Adaptation and Anticipation Model (ADAM) of Sensorimotor Synchronization. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00253"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220050474","article-title":"Multiple Synchronization Strategies in Rhythmic Sensorimotor Tasks: Phase vs Period Correction","volume":"79","author":"Thaut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teki, S., Grube, M., and Griffiths, T.D. (2012). A Unified Model of Time Perception Accounts for Duration-Based and Beat-Based Timing Mechanisms. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2011.00090"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desbernats, A., Martin, E., and Tallet, J. (2023). Which Factors Modulate Spontaneous Motor Tempo? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1161052"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-022-02487-2","article-title":"You Got Rhythm, or More: The Multidimensionality of Rhythmic Abilities","volume":"84","author":"Fiveash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198607","article-title":"Response Delays and the Timing of Discrete Motor Responses","volume":"14","author":"Wing","year":"1973","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prinz, W., and Hommel, B. (2002). Timing mechanisms in sensorimotor synchronization. Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action: Attention and Performance XIX, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198510697.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1874-5822(06)80007-1","article-title":"Modeling Variability and Dependence in Timing","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Heuer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Handbook of Perception and Action"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O\u2019Brien, K., Colquhoun, H., Kastner, M., Levac, D., Ng, C., Sharpe, J.P., and Wilson, K. (2016). A Scoping Review on the Conduct and Reporting of Scoping Reviews. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0116-4"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","article-title":"Updated Methodological Guidance for the Conduct of Scoping Reviews","volume":"18","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4107-11.2012","article-title":"Internalized Timing of Isochronous Sounds Is Represented in Neuromagnetic \u03b2 Oscillations","volume":"32","author":"Fujioka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24830","article-title":"Beta-Band Oscillations Play an Essential Role in Motor-Auditory Interactions","volume":"41","author":"Abbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.07.002","article-title":"Rhythm Information Represented in the Fronto-Parieto-Cerebellar Motor System","volume":"63","author":"Konoike","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0976","article-title":"The Preparation and Execution of Self-Initiated and Externally-Triggered Movement: A Study of Event-Related fMRI","volume":"15","author":"Cunnington","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13171","article-title":"Getting Back on the Beat: Links between Auditory-Motor Integration and Precise Auditory Processing at Fast Time Scales","volume":"43","author":"Tierney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.06.061","article-title":"The Functional Importance of Rhythmic Activity in the Brain","volume":"22","author":"Thut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.05.003","article-title":"Cortical Oscillations and Sensory Predictions","volume":"16","author":"Arnal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Luck, S.J. (2014). An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.017","article-title":"Auditory Priming Improves Neural Synchronization in Auditory-Motor Entrainment","volume":"117","author":"Crasta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht261","article-title":"Capturing with EEG the Neural Entrainment and Coupling Underlying Sensorimotor Synchronization to the Beat","volume":"25","author":"Nozaradan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.07.007","article-title":"Steady-State Evoked Potentials Distinguish Brain Mechanisms of Self-Paced versus Synchronization Finger Tapping","volume":"61","author":"Deiber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Melloni, L., Poeppel, D., and Ding, N. (2016). Interpretations of Frequency Domain Analyses of Neural Entrainment: Periodicity, Fundamental Frequency, and Harmonics. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00274"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118209","article-title":"Dynamic Modulation of Cortico-Muscular Coupling during Real and Imagined Sensorimotor Synchronisation","volume":"238","author":"Nijhuis","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosso, M., Leman, M., and Moumdjian, L. (2021). Neural Entrainment Meets Behavior: The Stability Index as a Neural Outcome Measure of Auditory-Motor Coupling. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.668918"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-015-0721-6","article-title":"Sensorimotor Synchronization: Neurophysiological Markers of the Asynchrony in a Finger-Tapping Task","volume":"81","author":"Bavassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tgaa036","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgaa036","article-title":"One Tap at a Time: Correlating Sensorimotor Synchronization with Brain Signatures of Temporal Processing","volume":"1","author":"Iversen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01601","article-title":"Rhythm Complexity Modulates Behavioral and Neural Dynamics During Auditory-Motor Synchronization","volume":"32","author":"Mathias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.06.030","article-title":"The Influence of Moving with Music on Motor Cortical Activity","volume":"683","author":"Izbicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2324","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2324","article-title":"Finger Tapping to Different Styles of Music and Changes in Cortical Oscillations","volume":"11","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauvign\u00e9, L.A.S., Gitau, K.M., and Brown, S. (2014). The Neural Basis of Audiomotor Entrainment: An ALE Meta-Analysis. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00776"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasdan, A.V., Burgess, A.N., Pizzagalli, F., Scartozzi, A., Chern, A., Kotz, S.A., Wilson, S.M., and Gordon, R.L. (2022). Identifying a Brain Network for Musical Rhythm: A Functional Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104588"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.003","article-title":"Neural Substrates of Internally-Based and Externally-Cued Timing: An Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies","volume":"96","author":"Teghil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.025","article-title":"Functional Neuroimaging Correlates of Finger-Tapping Task Variations: An ALE Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Witt","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00325","article-title":"Interacting Cortical and Basal Ganglia Networks Underlying Finding and Tapping to the Musical Beat","volume":"25","author":"Kung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.037","article-title":"It Don\u2019t Mean a Thing... Keeping the Rhythm during Polyrhythmic Tension, Activates Language Areas (BA47)","volume":"31","author":"Vuust","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-013-9224-5","article-title":"The Role of Top-down Control in Different Phases of a Sensorimotor Timing Task: A DCM Study of Adults and Adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Witt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.07.020","article-title":"A Parametric fMRI Investigation of Context Effects in Sensorimotor Timing and Coordination","volume":"45","author":"Jantzen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tgac014","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgac014","article-title":"Neural Correlates with Individual Differences in Temporal Prediction during Auditory-Motor Synchronization","volume":"3","author":"Miyata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.022","article-title":"White Matter Microstructural Properties Correlate with Sensorimotor Synchronization Abilities","volume":"138","author":"Blecher","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koshimori, Y., Strafella, A.P., Valli, M., Sharma, V., Cho, S.-S., Houle, S., and Thaut, M.H. (2019). Motor Synchronization to Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) Attenuates Dopaminergic Responses in Ventral Striatum in Young Healthy Adults: [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET Study. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00106"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.03.013","article-title":"The Neural Representation of Time","volume":"14","author":"Ivry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5561-10.2011","article-title":"Distinct Neural Substrates of Duration-Based and Beat-Based Auditory Timing","volume":"31","author":"Teki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01221-2","article-title":"Internal Models in the Cerebellum","volume":"2","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.076","article-title":"Regional Cerebellar Volumes Are Related to Early Musical Training and Finger Tapping Performance","volume":"109","author":"Baer","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3686-y","article-title":"Hand Tapping at Mixed Frequencies Requires More Motor Cortex Activity Compared to Single Frequencies: An fNIRS Study","volume":"231","author":"Koenraadt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2021.105753","article-title":"fNIRS & E-Drum: An Ecological Approach to Monitor Hemodynamic and Behavioural Effects of Rhythmic Auditory Cueing Training","volume":"151","author":"Curzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs386","article-title":"Role of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex in Rhythmic Auditory\u2013Motor Entrainment: A Perturbational Approach by rTMS","volume":"24","author":"Giovannelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollok, B., Overhagen, C.L., Keitel, A., and Krause, V. (2017). Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Applied to the Left Dorsolateral Premotor Cortex (dPMC) Interferes with Rhythm Reproduction. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11980-w"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gompf, F., Pflug, A., Laufs, H., and Kell, C.A. (2017). Non-Linear Relationship between BOLD Activation and Amplitude of Beta Oscillations in the Supplementary Motor Area during Rhythmic Finger Tapping and Internal Timing. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00582"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48404","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48404","article-title":"Differential Contributions of the Two Human Cerebral Hemispheres to Action Timing","volume":"8","author":"Pflug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(01)00178-7","article-title":"Event-Related Dynamics of Cortical Rhythms: Frequency-Specific Features and Functional Correlates","volume":"43","author":"Neuper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2810","article-title":"Transitions in Neural Oscillations Reflect Prediction Errors Generated in Audiovisual Speech","volume":"14","author":"Arnal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(81)90139-5","article-title":"Central Beta Rhythm during Sensorimotor Activities in Man","volume":"51","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1031","article-title":"Functional Segregation of Movement-Related Rhythmic Activity in the Human Brain","volume":"2","author":"Salmelin","year":"1995","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.12.014","article-title":"Gamma-Band Activity Reflects the Metric Structure of Rhythmic Tone Sequences","volume":"24","author":"Snyder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Cogn. Brain. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.11.002","article-title":"How Beat Perception Co-Opts Motor Neurophysiology","volume":"25","author":"Cannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5528","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05528.1997","article-title":"Distributed Neural Systems Underlying the Timing of Movements","volume":"17","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10065","article-title":"Cortical and Subcortical Networks Underlying Syncopated and Synchronized Coordination Revealed Using fMRI. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"17","author":"Mayville","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.015","article-title":"Interactive Roles of the Cerebellum and Striatum in Sub-Second and Supra-Second Timing: Support for an Initiation, Continuation, Adjustment, and Termination (ICAT) Model of Temporal Processing","volume":"71","author":"Petter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.02.055","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Interrupts Phase Synchronization during Rhythmic Motor Entrainment","volume":"435","author":"Malcolm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bie\u0144kiewicz, M.M.N., and Craig, C.M. (2015). Parkinson\u2019s Is Time on Your Side? Evidence for Difficulties with Sensorimotor Synchronization. Front. Neurol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00249"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.51","article-title":"The Accuracy and Precision of Timing of Self-Paced, Repetitive Movements in Subjects with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"119","author":"Freeman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranji\u0107, M., Hashemi, N., Arnett, A.B., and Thaut, M.H. (2023). Auditory\u2013Perceptual and Auditory\u2013Motor Timing Abilities in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Scoping Review. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050729"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0092-6","article-title":"Heightened Orofacial, Manual, and Gait Variability in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Results from a General Rhythmic Impairment","volume":"5","author":"Puyjarinet","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puyjarinet, F., B\u00e9gel, V., Lopez, R., Dellacherie, D., and Dalla Bella, S. (2017). Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Cannot Move to the Beat. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11295-w"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000766","article-title":"Processing Rhythm in Speech and Music: Shared Mechanisms and Implications for Developmental Speech and Language Disorders","volume":"35","author":"Fiveash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1528","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1528","article-title":"Is Atypical Rhythm a Risk Factor for Developmental Speech and Language Disorders?","volume":"11","author":"Persici","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.07.008","article-title":"Gait Characteristics and Falls in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Creaby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0390-y","article-title":"Instability of Syllable Repetition as a Model for Impaired Motor Processing: Is Parkinson\u2019s Disease a \u201cRhythm Disorder\u201d?","volume":"117","author":"Skodda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanardi, A.P.J., da Silva, E.S., Costa, R.R., Passos-Monteiro, E., Dos Santos, I.O., Kruel, L.F.M., and Peyr\u00e9-Tartaruga, L.A. (2021). Gait Parameters of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Compared with Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80768-2"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182020123","article-title":"Tapping Linked to Function and Structure in Premanifest and Symptomatic Huntington Disease","volume":"75","author":"Bechtel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0859-x","article-title":"Hand Tapping: A Simple, Reproducible, Objective Marker of Motor Dysfunction in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"255","author":"Michell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018905","article-title":"Self-Paced Timing Detects and Tracks Change in Prodromal Huntington Disease","volume":"24","author":"Rowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70088-7","article-title":"Predictors of Phenotypic Progression and Disease Onset in Premanifest and Early-Stage Huntington\u2019s Disease in the TRACK-HD Study: Analysis of 36-Month Observational Data","volume":"12","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2007.09.008","article-title":"Rhythmic Motor Entrainment in Children with Speech and Language Impairments: Tapping to the Beat","volume":"45","author":"Corriveau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranji\u0107, M., Leung, J., Tam, K.L., Polatajko, H., Welsh, T., Chau, T., and Thaut, M. (2024). Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Display Atypical Interhemispheric Connectivity during Conscious and Subconscious Rhythmic Auditory-Motor Synchronization. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69807-4"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0204)","article-title":"Generalized Motor Abilities and Timing Behavior in Children with Specific Language Impairment","volume":"53","author":"Zelaznik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406219111","article-title":"Beat Synchronization Predicts Neural Speech Encoding and Reading Readiness in Preschoolers","volume":"111","author":"Tierney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lense, M.D., Lad\u00e1nyi, E., Rabinowitch, T.-C., Trainor, L., and Gordon, R. (2021). Rhythm and Timing as Vulnerabilities in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 376.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0327"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107284","article-title":"Shared Neural Resources of Rhythm and Syntax: An ALE Meta-Analysis","volume":"137","author":"Heard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghai, S., Ghai, I., Schmitz, G., and Effenberg, A.O. (2018). Effect of Rhythmic Auditory Cueing on Parkinsonian Gait: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16232-5"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12651","article-title":"Effects of Musically Cued Gait Training in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Beyond a Motor Benefit","volume":"1337","author":"Bella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2010.27.4.263","article-title":"Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation in Rehabilitation of Movement Disorders: A Review of Current Research","volume":"27","author":"Thaut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13294","article-title":"Changes in Gait Patterns Induced by Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation for Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury","volume":"1385","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/thw003","article-title":"Rhythmic Auditory Cueing in Motor Rehabilitation for Stroke Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Yoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S148053","article-title":"Effect of Rhythmic Auditory Cueing on Gait in Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ghai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun Janzen, T., Koshimori, Y., Richard, N.M., and Thaut, M.H. (2021). Rhythm and Music-Based Interventions in Motor Rehabilitation: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.789467"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghai, S., and Ghai, I. (2019). Effects of (Music-Based) Rhythmic Auditory Cueing Training on Gait and Posture Post-Stroke: A Systematic Review & Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38723-3"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghai, S. (2018). Effects of Real-Time (Sonification) and Rhythmic Auditory Stimuli on Recovering Arm Function Post Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00488"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12635","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Rhythmic Interventions: Perspectives for Language Rehabilitation","volume":"1337","author":"Tillmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.104885","article-title":"Rhythmic Priming of Grammaticality Judgments in Children: Duration Matters","volume":"197","author":"Fiveash","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-023-00170-1","article-title":"Regular Rhythmic Primes Improve Sentence Repetition in Children with Developmental Language Disorder","volume":"8","author":"Fiveash","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Learn."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2016.05.012","article-title":"Temporal Variability in Sung Productions of Adolescents Who Stutter","volume":"62","author":"Falk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2023.105975","article-title":"Temporal Organization of Syllables in Paced and Unpaced Speech in Children and Adolescents Who Stutter","volume":"76","author":"Franke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fluency Disord."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2010.27.4.287","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effects of Singing in Neurological Disorders","volume":"27","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Music Percept."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedoin, N., Brisseau, L., Molinier, P., Roch, D., and Tillmann, B. (2016). Temporally Regular Musical Primes Facilitate Subsequent Syntax Processing in Children with Specific Language Impairment. Front. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00245"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.04.007","article-title":"New Evidence of a Rhythmic Priming Effect That Enhances Grammaticality Judgments in Children","volume":"173","author":"Chern","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/11\/1063\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:20:58Z","timestamp":1760113258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/11\/1063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14111063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14111063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}}}