{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:32:30Z","timestamp":1783485150028,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC016267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC016267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Many studies have demonstrated the benefits of long-term music training (i.e., musicianship) on the neural processing of sound, including simple tones and speech. However, the effects of musicianship on the encoding of simultaneously presented pitches, in the form of complex musical chords, is less well established. Presumably, musicians\u2019 stronger familiarity and active experience with tonal music might enhance harmonic pitch representations, perhaps in an attention-dependent manner. Additionally, attention might influence chordal encoding differently across the auditory system. To this end, we explored the effects of long-term music training and attention on the processing of musical chords at the brainstem and cortical levels. Method: Young adult participants were separated into musician and nonmusician groups based on the extent of formal music training. While recording EEG, listeners heard isolated musical triads that differed only in the chordal third: major, minor, and detuned (4% sharper third from major). Participants were asked to correctly identify chords via key press during active stimulus blocks and watched a silent movie during passive blocks. We logged behavioral identification accuracy and reaction times and calculated information transfer based on the behavioral chord confusion patterns. EEG data were analyzed separately to distinguish between cortical (event-related potential, ERP) and subcortical (frequency-following response, FFR) evoked responses. Results: We found musicians were (expectedly) more accurate, though not faster, than nonmusicians in chordal identification. For subcortical FFRs, responses showed stimulus chord effects but no group differences. However, for cortical ERPs, whereas musicians displayed P2 (~150 ms) responses that were invariant to attention, nonmusicians displayed reduced P2 during passive listening. Listeners\u2019 degree of behavioral information transfer (i.e., success in distinguishing chords) was also better in musicians and correlated with their neural differentiation of chords in the ERPs (but not high-frequency FFRs). Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest long-term music training strengthens even the passive cortical processing of musical sounds, supporting more automated brain processing of musical chords with less reliance on attention. Our results also suggest that the degree to which listeners can behaviorally distinguish chordal triads is directly related to their neural specificity to musical sounds primarily at cortical rather than subcortical levels. FFR attention effects were likely not observed due to the use of high-frequency stimuli (&gt;220 Hz), which restrict FFRs to brainstem sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1730177493000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Musicianship Modulates Cortical Effects of Attention on Processing Musical Triads"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"MacLean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Drobny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1821-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin M.","family":"Bidelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"},{"name":"Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07527.x","article-title":"Enhanced brainstem encoding predicts musicians\u2019 perceptual advantages with pitch","volume":"33","author":"Bidelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701498104","article-title":"Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music","volume":"104","author":"Musacchia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199904260-00029","article-title":"Superior pre-attentive auditory processing in musicians","volume":"10","author":"Koelsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2044-5","article-title":"Pitch discrimination accuracy in musicians vs nonmusicians: An event-related potential and behavioral study","volume":"161","author":"Tervaniemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.08.036","article-title":"Musicians demonstrate experience-dependent brainstem enhancement of musical scale features within continuously gliding pitch","volume":"503","author":"Bidelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.05.004","article-title":"Influence of musical and psychoacoustical training on pitch discrimination","volume":"219","author":"Micheyl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21362","article-title":"Cross-domain effects of music and language experience on the representation of pitch in the human auditory brainstem","volume":"23","author":"Bidelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1515\/JBCPP.2001.12.2.125","article-title":"Pitch discrimination: Are professional musicians better than non-musicians?","volume":"12","author":"Amir","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.20.5.976","article-title":"Perception of pitch and timbre by musically trained and untrained listeners","volume":"20","author":"Pitt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.03.021","article-title":"Linguistic, perceptual, and cognitive factors underlying musicians\u2019 benefits in noise-degraded speech perception","volume":"377","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2882","article-title":"Music training for the development of auditory skills","volume":"11","author":"Kraus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.06.008","article-title":"Turning down the noise: The benefit of musical training on the aging auditory brain","volume":"308","author":"Alain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811793115","article-title":"Inherent auditory skills rather than formal music training shape the neural encoding of speech","volume":"115","author":"Mankel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidelman, G.M., and Yoo, J. (2020). Musicians show improved speech segregation in competitive, multi-talker cocktail party scenarios. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01927"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04843.x","article-title":"Subjective appraisal of music","volume":"1169","author":"Brattico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05545.2003","article-title":"Enhancement of neuroplastic P2 and N1c auditory evoked potentials in musicians","volume":"23","author":"Shahin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1530","article-title":"Structural and functional asymmetry of lateral Heschl\u2019s gyrus reflects pitch perception preference","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.028","article-title":"Musicianship facilitates the processing of Western music chords\u2014An ERP and behavioral study","volume":"61","author":"Virtala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12627","article-title":"Coordinated plasticity in brainstem and auditory cortex contributes to enhanced categorical speech perception in musicians","volume":"40","author":"Bidelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3292-14.2015","article-title":"Musical training orchestrates coordinated neuroplasticity in auditory brainstem and cortex to counteract age-related declines in categorical vowel perception","volume":"35","author":"Bidelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bhad543","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad543","article-title":"Short- and long-term neuroplasticity interact during the perceptual learning of concurrent speech","volume":"34","author":"MacLean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119627","article-title":"Brainstem speech encoding is dynamically shaped online by fluctuations in cortical \u03b1 state","volume":"263","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119899","article-title":"Perceptual warping exposes categorical representations for speech in human brainstem responses","volume":"269","author":"Carter","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(74)90156-4","article-title":"Human auditory evoked potentials. II. Effects of attention","volume":"36","author":"Picton","year":"1974","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J.A., and Bidelman, G.M. (2023). Attention, musicality, and familiarity shape cortical speech tracking at the musical cocktail party. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4602602"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.12.021","article-title":"Musical experience shapes top-down auditory mechanisms: Evidence from masking and auditory attention performance","volume":"261","author":"Strait","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.12.019","article-title":"Towards an optimal paradigm for simultaneously recording cortical and brainstem auditory evoked potentials","volume":"241","author":"Bidelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10076","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad266","article-title":"Duplex perception reveals brainstem auditory representations are modulated by listeners\u2019 ongoing percept for speech","volume":"33","author":"Rizzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735618804038","article-title":"The definition of a musician in music psychology: A literature review and the six-year rule","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.21144","article-title":"Neural discrimination of nonprototypical chords in music experts and laymen: An MEG study","volume":"21","author":"Brattico","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13526","article-title":"Attentional modulation and domain specificity underlying the neural organization of auditory categorical perception","volume":"45","author":"Bidelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Moore, B.C.J. (2003). Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing, Academic Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2003","article-title":"Neural processing of amplitude-modulated sounds","volume":"84","author":"Joris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91346.2008","article-title":"Coding of repetitive transients by auditory cortex on Heschl\u2019s gyrus","volume":"102","author":"Brugge","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.060","article-title":"Subcortical sources dominate the neuroelectric auditory frequency-following response to speech","volume":"175","author":"Bidelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182280353","article-title":"Methods to eliminate stimulus transduction artifact from insert earphones during electroencephalography","volume":"33","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118014","article-title":"Attention reinforces human corticofugal system to aid speech perception in noise","volume":"235","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.01.011","article-title":"Multichannel recordings of the human brainstem frequency-following response: Scalp topography, source generators, and distinctions from the transient abr","volume":"323","author":"Bidelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2008.04.013","article-title":"Relationships between behavior, brainstem and cortical encoding of seen and heard speech in musicians and non-musicians","volume":"241","author":"Musacchia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.093","article-title":"Tracing the emergence of categorical speech perception in the human auditory system","volume":"79","author":"Bidelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saiz-Al\u00eda, M., Forte, A.E., and Reichenbach, T. (2019). Individual differences in the attentional modulation of the human auditory brainstem response to speech inform on speech-in-noise deficits. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50773-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(90)90068-O","article-title":"Cross-correlation and latency compensation analysis of click-evoked and frequency-following brain-stem responses in man","volume":"77","author":"Galbraith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.135664","article-title":"Subcortical rather than cortical sources of the frequency-following response (FFR) relate to speech-in-noise perception in normal-hearing listeners","volume":"746","author":"Bidelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4108.177","article-title":"Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain","volume":"182","author":"Hillyard","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(75)90222-9","article-title":"Evoked potential correlates of selective attention with multi-channel auditory inputs","volume":"28","author":"Schwent","year":"1975","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8722","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8722","article-title":"Modulation of early sensory processing in human auditory cortex during auditory selective attention","volume":"90","author":"Woldorff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.11.009","article-title":"The effects of auditory attention measured from human electrocorticograms","volume":"117","author":"Neelon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11854","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205381109","article-title":"Emergence of neural encoding of auditory objects while listening to competing speakers","volume":"109","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12110","article-title":"Musicians show general enhancement of complex sound encoding and better inhibition of irrelevant auditory change in music: An ERP study","volume":"37","author":"Kaganovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J.A., and Bidelman, G.M. (2022). Familiarity of background music modulates the cortical tracking of target speech at the \u201ccocktail party\u201d. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.14.500126"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000403","article-title":"Objective identification of simulated cochlear implant settings in normal-hearing listeners via auditory cortical evoked potentials","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907526","article-title":"An analysis of perceptual confusions among some English consonants","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.05.008","article-title":"Noise and pitch interact during the cortical segregation of concurrent speech","volume":"351","author":"Bidelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"R-Core-Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3900-09.2009","article-title":"Neural correlates of consonance, dissonance, and the hierarchy of musical pitch in the human brainstem","volume":"29","author":"Bidelman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5832","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6133-08.2009","article-title":"Selective subcortical enhancement of musical intervals in musicians","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skoe, E., and Kraus, N. (2010). Hearing it again and again: On-line subcortical plasticity in humans. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013645"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.011","article-title":"Phase locked neural activity in the human brainstem predicts preference for musical consonance","volume":"58","author":"Bones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.108101","article-title":"Factors influencing classification of frequency following responses to speech and music stimuli","volume":"398","author":"Losorelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200304150-00015","article-title":"Selective attention affects human brain stem frequency-following response","volume":"14","author":"Galbraith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, A., and Schonwiesner, M. (2014). Selective attention modulates human auditory brainstem responses: Relative contributions of frequency and spatial cues. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085442"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27203","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27203","article-title":"The human auditory brainstem response to running speech reveals a subcortical mechanism for selective attention","volume":"6","author":"Forte","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.01.014","article-title":"Frequency-dependent fine structure in the frequency-following response: The byproduct of multiple generators","volume":"348","author":"Tichko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13003-w","article-title":"Evolving perspectives on the sources of the frequency-following response","volume":"10","author":"Coffey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117866","article-title":"Neural generators of the frequency-following response elicited to stimuli of low and high frequency: A magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study","volume":"231","author":"Kurkela","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116185","article-title":"Auditory cortical generators of the frequency following response are modulated by intermodal attention","volume":"203","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7429","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1247-23.2023","article-title":"Attentional modulation of the cortical contribution to the frequency-following response evoked by continuous speech","volume":"43","author":"Schilling","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, J., Alain, C., and Bidelman, G.M. (2023). Cortical-brainstem interplay during speech perception in older adults with and without hearing loss. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1075368"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328344a689","article-title":"Brainstem correlates of behavioral and compositional preferences of musical harmony","volume":"22","author":"Bidelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.007","article-title":"Context-dependent encoding in the auditory brainstem subserves enhanced speech-in-noise perception in musicians","volume":"49","author":"Strait","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06617.x","article-title":"Musical experience and neural efficiency: Effects of training on subcortical processing of vocal expressions of emotion","volume":"29","author":"Strait","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1872","article-title":"Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181b412e9","article-title":"Musician enhancement for speech-in-noise","volume":"30","author":"Skoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11070","article-title":"Cortical contributions to the auditory frequency-following response revealed by MEG","volume":"7","author":"Coffey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90222-9","article-title":"Endogenous brain potentials associated with selective auditory attention","volume":"49","author":"Hansen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, B., Jamali, S., and Tremblay, K.L. (2013). Plasticity in neuromagnetic cortical responses suggests enhanced auditory object representation. BMC Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-151"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.11.021","article-title":"A review of the evidence for P2 being an independent component process: Age, sleep and modality","volume":"115","author":"Crowley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21279","article-title":"Changes in sensory evoked responses coincide with rapid improvement in speech identification performance","volume":"22","author":"Alain","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mankel, K., Shrestha, U., Tipirneni-Sajja, A., and Bidelman, G.M. (2022). Functional plasticity coupled with structural predispositions in auditory cortex shape successful music category learning. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.897239"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04591.x","article-title":"Musicians\u2014Same or different?","volume":"1169","author":"Tervaniemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.01.007","article-title":"Investigating the effects of musical training on functional brain development with a novel melodic MMN paradigm","volume":"110","author":"Putkinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.019","article-title":"Pitch expertise is not created equal: Cross-domain effects of musicianship and tone language experience on neural and behavioural discrimination of speech and music","volume":"71","author":"Hutka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120784","article-title":"Probing the neural dynamics of musicians and non-musicians\u2019 consonant\/dissonant perception: Joint analyses of electrical encephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)","volume":"298","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2024.100461","article-title":"Real-time dynamic analysis of EEG response for live Indian classical vocal stimulus with therapeutic indications","volume":"32","author":"Panda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Health"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., and Zheng, M. (2024). EEG microstates are associated with music training experience. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1434110"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-017-0641-9","article-title":"Attentional modulation of envelope-following responses at lower (93\u2013109 Hz) but not higher (217\u2013233 Hz) modulation rates","volume":"19","author":"Holmes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/11\/1079\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:22:41Z","timestamp":1760113361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/11\/1079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14111079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14111079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}}}