{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:38:21Z","timestamp":1760146701825,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Electroencephalogram (EEG) biomarkers with adequate sensitivity and specificity to reflect the brain\u2019s health status can become indispensable for health monitoring during prolonged missions in space. The objective of our study was to assess whether the basic features of the posterior dominant rhythm (PDR) change under microgravity conditions compared to earth-based scalp EEG recordings. Methods: Three crew members during the 16-day AXIOM-1 mission to the International Space Station (ISS), underwent scalp EEG recordings before, during, and after the mission by means of a dry-electrode self-donning headgear designed to support long-term EEG recordings in space. Resting-state recordings were performed with eyes open and closed during relaxed wakefulness. The electrodes representative of EEG activity in each occipital lobe were used, and consecutive PDR oscillations were identified during periods of eye closure. In turn, cursor-based markers were placed at the negative peak of each sinusoidal wave of the PDR. Waveform averaging and time-frequency analysis were performed for all PDR samples for the respective pre-mission, mission, and post-mission EEGs. Results: No significant differences were found in the mean frequency of the PDR in any of the crew subjects between their EEG on the ISS and their pre- or post-mission EEG on ground level. The PDR oscillations varied over a \u00b11Hz standard deviation range. Similarly, no significant differences were found in PDR\u2019s power spectral density. Conclusions: Our study shows that the spectral features of the PDR remain within normal limits in a short exposure to the microgravity environment, with its frequency manifesting within an acceptable \u00b11 Hz variation from the pre-mission mean. Further investigations for EEG features and markers reflecting the human brain neurophysiology during space missions are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T08:17:42Z","timestamp":1732695462000},"page":"1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Posterior Dominant Rhythm Remains Within Normal Limits in the Microgravity Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4309-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Kokkinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0737-2347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas M.","family":"Koupparis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomer","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain.Space, Tel Aviv 58855, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Privman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain.Space, Tel Aviv 58855, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ofer","family":"Avin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ophir","family":"Almagor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1129-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Shriki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Hadanny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain.Space, Tel Aviv 58855, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"943","article-title":"The effect of noise or acceleration stress on human mental work load and performance","volume":"60","author":"Albery","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviat. 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