{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:38:24Z","timestamp":1764333504293,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/objectives: Lower limb cutaneous reflex amplitudes can modulate across gait, which helps humans adjust rhythmic motor outputs to maintain balance in an ever-changing environment. Preliminary evidence suggests people who suffer from repetitive ankle sprains and residual feelings of giving way demonstrate altered cutaneous reflex patterns in the gastrocnemius. However, before cutaneous reflex assessment can be implemented as a clinical outcome measure, there is a need to substantiate these early findings by measuring reflex amplitudes across longer latency periods and exploring the variability of reflexes within each subject. Methods: Forty-eight subjects with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI) walked on a treadmill at 4 km\/h while activity of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) was measured via surface electromyography. Non-noxious stimulations were elicited randomly to the ipsilateral sural nerve at the mid-stance phase of gait, and reflex amplitudes were calculated offline by comparing muscle activity during unstimulated and stimulated gait cycles. Two primary outcome measures were compared between groups at the middle latency (MLR: 80\u2013120 ms) and late latency (LLR: 120\u2013150 ms) time windows: (1) average reflex amplitudes and (2) standard deviation of reflex amplitudes for each subject across 10 trials. Results: Both groups demonstrated an equal amount of LG inhibition at the MLR and LG facilitation at the LLR. However, subjects with CAI showed significantly higher variability in LLR amplitude across trials than healthy controls. Conclusions: Increased variability of cutaneous reflex amplitudes may relate to symptoms associated with CAI. These findings suggest that reflex variability following sural nerve stimulation could serve as an objective measure to track treatment progress in patients with CAI, offering clinicians a new tool for conducting rehabilitation assessments in a controlled environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T09:18:32Z","timestamp":1733217512000},"page":"1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Middle and Long Latency Cutaneous Reflexes During the Stance Phase of Gait in Individuals with and Without Chronic Ankle Instability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Leif P.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalee M. H.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, 210 N 7th St, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Docherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Kitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Koceja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096189","article-title":"Evidence review for the 2016 International Ankle Consortium consensus statement on the prevalence, impact and long-term consequences of lateral ankle sprains","volume":"50","author":"Gribble","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. 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