{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T18:08:44Z","timestamp":1779905324631,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Brain and Behavior Research at the University of South Dakota","award":["NIH R25-DA033674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R25-DA033674"]}]},{"name":"Center for Brain and Behavior Research at the University of South Dakota","award":["NIH R25-DA033674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R25-DA033674"]}]},{"name":"Summer Program for Undergraduate Research in Addiction (SPURA)","award":["NIH R25-DA033674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R25-DA033674"]}]},{"name":"Summer Program for Undergraduate Research in Addiction (SPURA)","award":["NIH R25-DA033674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R25-DA033674"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It is known that being the adult child of a parent with an alcohol use disorder (ACoA) can confer a wide variety of increased health and psychological risks, including higher rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Additionally, ACoAs are at greater risk of developing alcohol\/substance use disorders (AUDs\/SUDs) than individuals from families without a history of AUDs. Methods: ACoA individuals with risky hazardous alcohol use (n = 14) and those not engaged in hazardous use (n = 14) were compared to a group of healthy controls. We examined structural brain differences and applied machine learning algorithms to predict biological brain and DNA methylation ages to investigate differences and determine any accelerated aging between these groups. Results: Hazardous and non-hazardous ACoA groups had lower predicted brain ages than the healthy control group (n = 100), which may result from neuro-developmental differences between ACoA groups and controls. Within specific brain regions, we observed decreased cortical volume within bilateral pars orbitalis and frontal poles, and the left middle temporal gyrus and entorhinal cortex within the hazardous alcohol ACoA group. When looking at the epigenetic aging data, the hazardous ACoA participants had increased predicted epigenetic age difference scores compared to the control group (n = 34) and the non-hazardous ACoA participant groups. Conclusions: The results demonstrate a decreased brain age in the ACoAs compared to control, concurrent with increased epigenetic age specifically in the hazardous ACoA group, laying the foundation for future research to identify individuals with an increased susceptibility to developing hazardous alcohol use. Together, these results provide a better understanding of the associations between epigenetic factors, brain structure, and alcohol use disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1734340678000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differing Effects of Alcohol Use on Epigenetic and Brain Age in Adult Children of Parents with Alcohol Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Scholl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kami","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"},{"name":"Kansas City University Center for Research, KCU, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelene A.","family":"Fercho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"},{"name":"FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73169, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin J.","family":"Van Asselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah A.","family":"Kallsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7865-3015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik. A.","family":"Ehli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari N.","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Brown-Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Counselor Education, College of Education, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina L.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee A.","family":"Baugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences & Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2020, March 10). 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