{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:09:34Z","timestamp":1792976974469,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders and the National Institutes of Health","award":["K23DC019678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DC019678"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04mhx6838","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders and the National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1TR001873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001873"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04mhx6838","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health","award":["K23DC019678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DC019678"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pw6fb54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health","award":["UL1TR001873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001873"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pw6fb54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is associated with a variety of neurologic deficits and impacts socialization decisions, mood, and overall quality of life. As a common symptom comprising the long COVID condition, persistent COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction (C19OD) may further impact the presentations of neuropsychiatric sequelae. Our study aims to characterize the longitudinal burden of depression, anxiety, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in a population with C19OD. Methods: Individuals with perceived C19OD completed a psychophysical screening evaluation of their sense of smell using the comprehensive Sniffin\u2019 Sticks olfactory assessment. Only those with validated psychophysical OD were included in this prospective longitudinal study for baseline and one-year follow-up. Participants also completed PHQ-9, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and neuropsychiatric symptom questionnaires at each time point. Anxiety, depression, and neuropsychiatric symptom prevalence was calculated and compared between time points with Pearson\u2019s chi-squared, Fisher\u2019s exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results: Each neuropsychiatric symptom evaluated in this study was reported by 13\u201349% of longitudinal cohort participants at both baseline and follow-up, except for seizure (0% at baseline and follow-up) and word-finding difficulty (61\u201368% at baseline and follow-up). Word-finding and focus difficulties were the most commonly reported symptoms. In total, 41% of participants reported some level of depression at baseline and 38% of participants reported depression at one-year follow-up, while 29% and 27% of participants reported some level of anxiety at respective time points. Conclusions: Individuals with C19OD are at risk for developing persistent neuropsychiatric conditions. These neurologic and psychiatric sequelae are persistent with repeated longitudinal assessment, even at nearly 2.5 years following initial COVID-19 diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T03:59:43Z","timestamp":1734580783000},"page":"1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Depression, Anxiety, and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Burden in a Longitudinal Cohort with Persistent Psychophysical Post-COVID Olfactory Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tiana M.","family":"Saak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8883-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy P.","family":"Tervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Vilarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia T.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7423-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco F.","family":"Caruana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D. A.","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam W.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1938-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Gudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey N.","family":"Motter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New York-Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davangere P.","family":"Devanand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New York-Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Overdevest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos College of Physicans and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotecha, A.M., Correa, A.D.C., Fisher, K.M., and Rushworth, J.V. 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