{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:41:54Z","timestamp":1789062114943,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: E-cigarettes, initially designed for nicotine consumption, are now increasingly being used to smoke cannabis, resulting in a growing trend known as \u201cdual vaping\u201d. This term describes individuals, referred to as \u201cdual users\u201d, who use e-cigarettes for both substances. This study aims to review and analyze existing research on dual vaping, with a focus on the associated health risks and behavioral patterns. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed. Studies focusing on individuals who use electronic cigarettes for vaping tobacco and cannabis, either chronically or episodically, were examined. Relevant articles were identified and thematically synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. Results: Dual vaping was found to be prevalent among younger men, White and Hispanic populations, and individuals with higher economic status and educational level. The use of one substance was shown to predispose individuals to the use of the other, often leading to concurrent use of both substances. Peer influence and positive expectations regarding e-cigarettes were identified as significant predictors of dual use. Dual vapers exhibited a higher susceptibility to respiratory and systemic symptoms compared to those who exclusively vaped nicotine or cannabis. Moreover, a notable prevalence of psychiatric disorders, such as substance use disorders, anxiety, and depression, was observed in this group. Fruit-flavored e-cigarettes were the most preferred option among dual vapers when using both nicotine and cannabis. Conclusions: Current evidence is insufficient to fully elucidate the long-term impacts of dual vaping on physical and mental health, particularly when compared to individuals who have never vaped. Further studies are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of this behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15020097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T11:47:32Z","timestamp":1737460052000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploring the Practice of Dual Vaping: Health Risks and Behavioral Patterns in Nicotine and Cannabis E-Cigarette Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Nelda","family":"Vaccari Bongetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-870, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0429-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raony","family":"Ferreira Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1336-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Olivia","family":"Pozzolo Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kae","family":"Leopoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5515-9236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza Larrubia Alvares","family":"Florence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2912-7481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel Kanaan","family":"Blaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-870, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gislaine","family":"Koch Gimenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Perdizes (IPER), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3277-7036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Torales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, C\u00e1tedra de Psicolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Sudamericana, Salto del Guair\u00e1 140101, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3934-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ventriglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"de Berardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, ASL4 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"},{"name":"Pharmacology, School of Nursing, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Samara, 443100 Samara, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9621-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Mauricio","family":"Castaldelli-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-870, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Perdizes (IPER), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305999","article-title":"E-Cigarette Use and Adult Cigarette Smoking Cessation: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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