{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:03:07Z","timestamp":1791820987132,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In current clinical practice, resources remain limited and are insufficient to address the needs of people with chronic post-stroke aphasia. To improve access to speech therapy, self-administered therapies using computers or smart tablets are increasingly recommended. In addition to enabling more intensive and prolonged treatment, computer- and smart-tablet-delivered therapies can be highly enjoyable and motivating for patients. Aims: This systematic review aimed to identify computer- and smart-tablet-based self-administered treatments and analyze the proposed interventions in terms of treatment targets, effectiveness (considering specificity, generalization, transfer, and maintenance), and clinician involvement (during and\/or prior self-administered therapies). Methods: Terms encompassing three main concepts (rehabilitation, self-administration, and aphasia) were used to search three electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, and PsycINFO). Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts against eligibility criteria. Data extraction of included studies was completed by three reviewers. Results: Thirty-nine studies were included in this study. In terms of treatment targets, anomia is the most treated symptom in published studies (n = 24), but the existence of promising studies for other disorders means that the targets can be broadened. Therapies are effective for trained items, and gains are maintained. There is some evidence of transfer effects for treatments targeting the sentence level. Most studies offer training sessions, previous self-administered therapy, and\/or observation and monitoring sessions during therapy; more rarely, self-administered therapy is supplemented with face-to-face therapy. Conclusions: This systematic review is the first to focus specifically on self-administered technology-based therapies. It provides important evidence-based information for clinical practice in self-administered therapies via computer or smart tablet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15020122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Computer- and Smart-Tablet-Based Self-Administered Treatments in Chronic Post-Stroke Aphasia: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2263-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Ericson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logopedic Sciences, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, rue de la Pierre-\u00e0-Mazel 7, 2000 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Latysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic La Ligni\u00e8re, La Ligni\u00e8re 5, 1196 Gland, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3380-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah-\u00c8ve","family":"Poirier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4955-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Fossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logopedic Sciences, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, rue de la Pierre-\u00e0-Mazel 7, 2000 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028484","article-title":"Trends in Stroke Incidence in High-Income Countries in the 21st Century: Population-Based Study and Systematic Review","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000524206","article-title":"Incidence of Aphasia in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"56","author":"Henriksson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000221815.64093.8c","article-title":"Epidemiology of Aphasia Attributable to First Ischemic Stroke: Incidence, Severity, Fluency, Etiology, and Thrombolysis","volume":"37","author":"Engelter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.09.020","article-title":"Incidence and Profile of Inpatient Stroke-Induced Aphasia in Ontario, Canada","volume":"91","author":"Dickey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.006","article-title":"Poststroke Aphasia Frequency, Recovery, and Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Flowers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1906-523","article-title":"Therapeutic Interventions for Aphasia Initiated More than Six Months Post Stroke: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.794474","article-title":"Aphasia rehabilitation in Australia: Current practices, challenges and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000062343.64383.D0","article-title":"Intensity of Aphasia Therapy, Impact on Recovery","volume":"34","author":"Bhogal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rehabilitation and Recovery of People with Aphasia After StrokE (RELEASE) Collaborators (2022). Dosage, Intensity, and Frequency of Language Therapy for Aphasia: A Systematic Review\u2013Based, Individual Participant Data Network Meta-Analysis. Stroke, 53, 956\u2013967."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braley, M., Pierce, J.S., Saxena, S., De Oliveira, E., Taraboanta, L., Anantha, V., Lakhan, S.E., and Kiran, S. (2021). A Virtual, Randomized, Control Trial of a Digital Therapeutic for Speech, Language, and Cognitive Intervention in Post-stroke Persons with Aphasia. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.626780"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godlove, J., Anantha, V., Advani, M., Roches, C.D., and Kiran, S. (2019). Comparison of Therapy Practice at Home and in the Clinic: A Retrospective Analysis of the Constant Therapy Platform Data Set. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00140"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12439","article-title":"Efficacy of a self-administered treatment using a smart tablet to improve functional vocabulary in post-stroke aphasia: A case-series study","volume":"54","author":"Lavoie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462313000421","article-title":"Cost-utility of self-managed computer therapy for people with aphasia","volume":"29","author":"Latimer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30192-9","article-title":"Self-managed, computerised speech and language therapy for patients with chronic aphasia post-stroke compared with usual care or attention control (Big CACTUS): A multicentre, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Palmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520975348","article-title":"Self-managed, computerised word finding therapy as an add-on to usual care for chronic aphasia post-stroke: An economic evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Latimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24190","article-title":"Computerised speech and language therapy or attention control added to usual care for people with long-term post-stroke aphasia: The Big CACTUS three-arm RCT","volume":"24","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2021.100311","article-title":"An overview of the digital solutions for helping people with aphasia through bibliometric analysis","volume":"22","author":"Asghar","year":"2021","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2011.04.002","article-title":"Computer-based script training for aphasia: Emerging themes from post-treatment interviews","volume":"44","author":"Cherney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2019.1575065","article-title":"Self-management of aphasia: A scoping review","volume":"33","author":"Nichol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Aziza, O., Pecci, I., and Martin, B. (2021, January 13\u201316). \u00c9tat de l\u2019art sur les applications d\u00e9di\u00e9es \u00e0 la r\u00e9\u00e9ducation de personnes aphasiques: State of The Art Review on Applications Dedicated to the Rehabilitation of People with Aphasia. Proceedings of the 32nd Conf\u00e9rence Francophone sur l\u2019Interaction Homme-Machine, Virtual Event, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3450522.3451327"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.019","article-title":"Computerized Training in Poststroke Aphasia: What About the Long-Term Effects? A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"27","author":"Aragona","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000373","article-title":"Talk about IT: Views of people with aphasia and their partners on receiving remotely monitored computer-based word finding therapy","volume":"17","author":"Wade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuperus, P., De Kok, D., De Aguiar, V., and Nickels, L. (2024). Aphasia therapy software: An investigation of the research literature and the challenges of software development. Aphasiology, 1\u201332.","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2024.2384542"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e18858","article-title":"Mobile Apps for Speech-Language Therapy in Adults with Communication Disorders: Review of Content and Quality","volume":"8","author":"Vaezipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roches, C.A.D., and Kiran, S. (2017). Technology-Based Rehabilitation to Improve Communication after Acquired Brain Injury. Front. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00382"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2020.1819957","article-title":"Innovative technology-based interventions in aphasia rehabilitation: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Repetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2023.2274621","article-title":"Telerehabilitation of aphasia: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2017.01.001","article-title":"Effectiveness of technologies in the treatment of post-stroke anomia: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Lavoie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effect of computer therapy in aphasia: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106111","article-title":"Telerehabilitation for people with aphasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Cacciante","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2022.2066622","article-title":"Understanding User Needs for Digital Aphasia Therapy: Experiences and Preferences of Speech and Language Therapists","volume":"37","author":"Cuperus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2010.544320","article-title":"Modified ACT and CART in severe aphasia","volume":"25","author":"Ball","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2015.1051055","article-title":"Treatment of verb anomia in aphasia: Efficacy of self-administered therapy using a smart tablet","volume":"22","author":"Lavoie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"269","article-title":"Smart tablet for smart self-administered treatment of verb anomia: Two single-case studies in aphasia","volume":"30","author":"Routhier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1362991","article-title":"IPractice: Piloting the effectiveness of a tablet-based home practice program in aphasia treatment","volume":"35","author":"Kurland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Speech-Lang."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0277","article-title":"Effects of a tablet-based home practice program with telepractice on treatment outcomes in chronic aphasia","volume":"61","author":"Kurland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Speech-Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000553","article-title":"Superhighway to promoting a client-therapist partnership? Using the internet to deliver word-retrieval computer therapy, monitored remotely with minimal speech and language therapy input","volume":"18","author":"Mortley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.650671","article-title":"Computer therapy compared with usual care for people with long-standing aphasia poststroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"152","article-title":"Development of a Thai naming application for clients with aphasia","volume":"56","author":"Trevittaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heide, J., Netzebandt, J., Ahrens, S., Br\u00fcsch, J., Saalfrank, T., and Schmitz-Antonischki, D. (2023). Improving lexical retrieval with LingoTalk: An app-based, self-administered treatment for clients with aphasia. Front. Commun., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2023.1210193"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"12","article-title":"The use of computers and augmentative and alternative communication devices in independent naming practice: Three single-case studies","volume":"18","author":"Choe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2288670","article-title":"Congruent vs. incongruent tasks in interdisciplinary stroke rehabilitation: A single-case report","volume":"46","author":"Choe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2022.106249","article-title":"Applying adaptive distributed practice to self-managed computer-based anomia treatment: A single-case experimental design","volume":"99","author":"Quique","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.532499","article-title":"Treating Visual Speech Perception to Improve Speech Production in Nonfluent Aphasia","volume":"40","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000193","article-title":"Computerised treatment of anomia in chronic and acute aphasia: An exploratory study","volume":"17","author":"Laganaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"407","article-title":"The effect of home computer practice on naming in individuals with nonfluent aphasia and verbal apraxia","volume":"15","author":"Choe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gall\u00e9e, J., Pittmann, R., Pennington, S., and Vallila-Rohter, S. (2020). The Application of Lexical Retrieval Training in Tablet-Based Speech-Language Intervention. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.583246"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030244000400","article-title":"A computer-implemented protocol for treatment of naming disorders: Evaluation of clinician-guided and partially self-guided instruction","volume":"16","author":"Fink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/038)","article-title":"Self-administered cued naming therapy: A single-participant investigation of a computer-based therapy program replicated in four cases","volume":"16","author":"Ramsberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/02687040042000106","article-title":"Improvement of oral naming by unsupervised computerised rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Pedersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2012.679030","article-title":"Effects of syntactic cueing therapy on picture naming and connected speech in acquired aphasia","volume":"22","author":"Herbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2011.569893","article-title":"The effect of visual cues provided by computerised aphasia treatment","volume":"25","author":"Choe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2010.489258","article-title":"Treatment of word retrieval impairments in aphasia: Evaluation of a self-administered home programme using personally chosen words","volume":"25","author":"Mason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2019.1661518","article-title":"Optimising recovery in aphasia: Learning following exposure to a single dose of computer-based script training","volume":"21","author":"Cherney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S343","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_AJSLP-13-0097","article-title":"Acquisition and Maintenance of Scripts in Aphasia: A Comparison of Two Cuing Conditions","volume":"23","author":"Cherney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1506-542","article-title":"Novel Technology for Treating Individuals with Aphasia and Concomitant Cognitive Deficits","volume":"15","author":"Cherney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.10.022","article-title":"Patient-Reported Changes in Communication After Computer-Based Script Training for Aphasia","volume":"90","author":"Manheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030903474255","article-title":"Sentactics\u00ae: Computer-automated treatment of underlying forms","volume":"24","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010042000178","article-title":"Computer-based training of language production: An exploratory study","volume":"11","author":"Linebarger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2022.2116928","article-title":"A feasibility study of a novel computer-based treatment for sentence production deficits in aphasia, delivered by a combination of clinician-led and self-managed treatment sessions","volume":"37","author":"Hickin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1706-423","article-title":"Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia (ORLA): Evaluating the Efficacy of Computer-Delivered Therapy in Chronic Nonfluent Aphasia","volume":"17","author":"Cherney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520988475","article-title":"Web-based Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia (Web ORLA\u00ae): A pilot randomized control trial","volume":"35","author":"Cherney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517703765","article-title":"Imitation-based aphasia therapy increases narrative content: A case series","volume":"31","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1146150","article-title":"Improved language in chronic aphasia after self-delivered iPad speech therapy","volume":"28","author":"Stark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2015.0138","article-title":"A Telerehabilitation Approach for Chronic Aphasia Following Stroke","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Telemed. E-Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Des Roches, C.A., Balachandran, I., Ascenso, E.M., Tripodis, Y., and Kiran, S. (2015). Effectiveness of an impairment-based individualized rehabilitation program using an iPad-based software platform. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.01015"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1362995","article-title":"Development of an impairment-based individualized treatment workflow using an iPad-based software platform","volume":"35","author":"Kiran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Speech-Lang."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., and Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston Naming Test, Lea and Febiger."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Holland, A.L., Frattali, C., and Fromm, D. (1999). Communication Activities of Daily Living: CADL-2, PRO-ED Inc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swinburn, K., Porter, G., and Al, E. (2004). Comprehensive Aphasia Test, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/t13733-000"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5401.113","article-title":"The Communicative Effectiveness Index: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a Functional Communication Measure for Adult Aphasia","volume":"54","author":"Lomas","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Helm-Estabrooks, N. (2001). Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test, Harcourt Assessment."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490515397","article-title":"Normative Data on the Korean Version of the Western Aphasia Battery","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2012.693584","article-title":"Verb and sentence production and comprehension in aphasia: Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences (NAVS)","volume":"26","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Masterson, J., and Druks, J. (2000). An Object and Action Naming Battery, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"121","article-title":"The Philadelphia Naming Test: Scoring and Rationale","volume":"24","author":"Roach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.4.801","article-title":"Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers","volume":"104","author":"Dell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"16","article-title":"Thai Adaptation of The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB)","volume":"13","author":"Dardaranda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Suanprung"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Kertesz, A. (1982). Western Aphasia Battery, Grune & Stratton."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kertesz, A. (2007). Western Aphasia Battery (Revised), PsychCorp.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15168-000"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Blanken, G., D\u00f6ppler, R., Schlenck, K.J., and Bautz, M. (1999). Wortproduktionspr\u00fcfung, NAT-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2021.1959016","article-title":"Effect of an intensive comprehensive aphasia program on language and communication in chronic aphasia","volume":"36","author":"Tittley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2013.786804","article-title":"Functionally relevant items in the treatment of aphasia (part I): Challenges for current practice","volume":"27","author":"Renvall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2015.1027169","article-title":"Is it time to stop \u201cfishing\u201d? A review of generalisation following aphasia intervention","volume":"29","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2018.0116","article-title":"Key factors for the success of self-administered treatments of poststroke aphasia using technologies","volume":"25","author":"Macoir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telemed. E-Health"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, J., Booth, T., Devane, N., Galliers, J., Greenwood, H., Hilari, K., Talbot, R., Wilson, S., and Woolf, C. (2016). Evaluating the Benefits of Aphasia Intervention Delivered in Virtual Reality: Results of a Quasi-Randomised Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160381"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846046","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2846046","article-title":"Conversational Therapy through Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality Environments for Language Recovery and Psychological Well-Being in Post Stroke Aphasia","volume":"2020","author":"Giachero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, M., Palmer, R., and Cooper, C. (2020). Factors Associated with Adherence to Self-Managed Aphasia Therapy Practice on a Computer\u2014A Mixed Methods Study Alongside a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.582328"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2012.676164","article-title":"Can impairment-focused therapy change the everyday conversations of people with aphasia? A review of the literature and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Carragher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aphasiology"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/2\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:27Z","timestamp":1759919787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/2\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci15020122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci15020122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]}}}