{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:23:20Z","timestamp":1793129000319,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome"},{"name":"University of Colorado at Boulder"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Since high frequencies are susceptible to disruption in various types of hearing loss, a symptom which is common in people with tinnitus, the aim of the study was to investigate EEG cortical auditory evoked and P300 responses to both a high- and low frequency-centered oddball paradigm to begin to establish the most suitable cognitive physiologic testing conditions for those with both unimpaired hearing and those with hearing impairments. Methods: Cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) P1, N1, P2 and P300 (subtraction wave) peaks were identified in response to high- (standard: 6000 Hz, deviant: 8000 Hz) and low frequency (Standard: 375 Hz, Deviant: 500 Hz) oddball paradigms. Each paradigm was presented at various intensity levels. Latencies and amplitudes were then computed for each condition to assess the effects of frequency and intensity. Results: Stimulus intensity had no effect on either the high- or low frequency paradigms of P300 characteristics. In contrast, for the low frequency paradigm, intensity influenced the N1 latency and P2 amplitude, while for the high frequency paradigm intensity influenced P1 and P2 latency and P2 amplitude. Conclusions: Obligatory CAEP components responded more readily to stimulus frequency and intensity changes, and one possible consideration is that higher frequencies could play a role in the response characteristics exhibited by N1 (except for N1 amplitude) and P2, given their involvement in attentional processes linked to the detection of warning cues. P300 latency and amplitude were not influenced by such factors. These findings support the hypothesis that disentangling the cognitive from the more sensory-based response is possible, even in those with hearing loss, provided that the patient\u2019s hearing loss is considered when determining the presentation level. While the present study was performed in participants with unimpaired hearing, these data set up future studies investigating the effectiveness of using similar methods in hearing-impaired persons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15020209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T12:16:37Z","timestamp":1739880997000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["P300 to Low and High Frequency Stimuli Are Not Influenced by Intensity in Adults with Normal Hearing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1347-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Cartocci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BrainSigns Ltd., Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Disorders Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3985-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Maria Serena","family":"Inguscio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Ltd., Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BrainSigns Ltd., Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Babiloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Ltd., Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology \u201cVittorio Erspamer\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anu","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.07.045","article-title":"Event-related potentials in clinical research: Guidelines for eliciting, recording, and quantifying mismatch negativity, P300, and N400","volume":"120","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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