{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:25:53Z","timestamp":1787289953042,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Delis\u2013Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Tower Test (TT) is a widely used neuropsychological tool that assesses complex executive functions, including planning, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, switching, and impulsivity\u2014key abilities often impaired in individuals with frontal dysfunction. Aims: There is currently no normative data for the D-KEFS TT in the Greek population. Consequently, it cannot be effectively used to detect executive dysfunction in neurological and psychiatric populations or for research purposes. Methods: The study sample included 249 healthy adults (28.9% male, 71.1% female) aged 20 to 85 years (M = 46.53, SD = 17.41), with educational levels ranging from secondary school graduates to master\u2019s degree holders. Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationship between age and D-KEFS TT performance, while chi-square test assessed the effects of education and gender. Normative data were then derived from raw scores and converted into percentiles. Results: Norms were established for the following D-KEFS TT variables: Total Achievement Score, Total Rule Violations, Move Accuracy Ratio, Mean First Move Time, and Time-per-Move Ratio. Age was the strongest predictor of performance, and normative data were stratified accordingly for the Greek adult population. Conclusions: This study introduces the D-KEFS TT as a neuropsychological assessment tool for Greek adults across different age groups to evaluate complex executive functions throughout the lifespan. Unlike other D-KEFS tests, the TT had not previously been adapted for the Greek population. This study is the first to provide normative data, supporting its use in clinical practice and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["RETRACTED: Normative Data for the D-KEFS Tower Test in Greek Adult Population Between 20 and 85 Years Old"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Tsatali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece"},{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despina","family":"Eleftheriadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Palla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2072-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CIRI-AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0527-7143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despina","family":"Moraitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54248 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CIRI-AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050517","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000}},{"DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050517","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000}}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/3\/278\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:02:46Z","timestamp":1787288566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/3\/278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci15030278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci15030278","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}