{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:17:12Z","timestamp":1790140632112,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graymatters Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sleep disturbances are a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), affecting up to 90% of patients and often persisting after standard PTSD treatment. As all the current interventions have limitations, amygdala-targeted neuromodulation may offer a novel treatment pathway. Methods: Secondary analysis of a prospective, single-arm trial (n = 58) was carried out evaluating Prism\u2122 amygdala-derived-EEG-fMRI-Pattern neurofeedback (Amyg-EFP-NF). Sleep outcomes were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) sleep item, PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) sleep item, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) sleep items at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Treatment consisted of 15 sessions over 8 weeks. Results: At 3-months\u2019 follow-up, 63.79% of participants demonstrated clinically meaningful reduction in sleep disturbances (\u22651 point reduction in CAPS-5 Item 20). Sleep improvement showed a moderate correlation with overall PTSD symptom reduction (r = 0.484, p &lt; 0.001) and a balanced improvement pattern (\u221215.1% early, \u22129.1% late). Sleep responders sustained improvement across multiple measures and showed significant increases in cognitive reappraisal (mean change: +2.57 \u00b1 1.0, p = 0.006), while non-responders showed initial but un-sustained improvement in trauma-related dreams. Conclusions: Amyg-EFP-NF shows preliminary promise for treating PTSD-related sleep disturbances. Our exploratory analyses suggest distinct temporal patterns of sleep improvement and potential associations with enhanced cognitive reappraisal capacity that warrant rigorous investigation in future randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:55:44Z","timestamp":1741755344000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Can Amygdala-Derived-EEG-fMRI-Pattern (EFP) Neurofeedback Treat Sleep Disturbances in PTSD?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aron","family":"Tendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Matters Health, Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaki","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Matters Health, Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Harmelech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Matters Health, Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0471-y","article-title":"Insomnia as a Transdiagnostic Process in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Dolsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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