{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:51:52Z","timestamp":1791535912864,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quebec Government Ministry of Health"},{"name":"Fond Quebecois de la Recherche sur la Societe et la Culture"},{"name":"Canada\u2019s Social Science and Humanities Research Council"},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Research is limited regarding the relationship between adolescent substance use and polysubstance use (SU\/PSU) as well as their outcomes later in adolescence, while accounting for early risk factors. This study explored substance-related and psychosocial outcomes at age 17 associated with SU\/PSU developmental trajectories in a population-representative cohort from Quebec, Canada (N = 1593; 48.4% male), while controlling for preadolescent individual, familial, and social risk factors. SU\/PSU included concurrent use of alcohol (AL), cannabis (CA), and other illicit drugs (ODs). Methods: Self-reported substance use data were collected at ages 12, 13, 15, and 17. Latent growth modeling identified five trajectories: Non-Users (12.8%) and four SU\/PSU classes (5.8\u201337.5%) with varying severity based on onset, frequency, and substance type. Multinomial regression, using non-users as the reference group, assessed trajectory associations with age-17 outcomes. Individual, familial, and social risk factors assessed at ages 10\u201312 served as control variables. Results: Adolescents in high-risk SU\/PSU classes showed the most negative substance-related and psychosocial outcomes compared to non-users and lower-risk SU\/PSU classes. Lower-risk SU\/PSU classes showed higher maladjustment than non-users. Conclusions: The findings highlight a dose\u2013response relationship between SU\/PSU trajectories and late-adolescent outcomes, independent of preadolescent risk factors. Results emphasize the importance of longitudinal studies that incorporate multiple substances to better capture the complexity of teenagers\u2019 involvement in substance use throughout adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15040331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1742802410000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trajectories of Single- or Multiple-Substance Use in a Population Representative Sample of Adolescents: Association with Substance-Related and Psychosocial Problems at Age 17"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rene","family":"Carbonneau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 3050 Edouard-Montpetit, Suite 225, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J7, Canada"},{"name":"Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vitaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6780-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Brendgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montr\u00e9al, QC H2L 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8621-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvana M.","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medecine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 3050 Edouard-Montpetit, Suite 225, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J7, Canada"},{"name":"Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, L.D., Miech, R.A., O\u2019Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., Schulenberg, J.E., and Patrick, M.E. 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