{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:25Z","timestamp":1792789225537,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU in NextGenerationEU plan","award":["ECS0000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS0000024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background. Eye movement abnormalities are increasingly recognized as early biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), reflecting both motor and cognitive dysfunction. Advances in eye-tracking technology provide objective, quantifiable measures of saccadic impairments, fixation instability, smooth pursuit deficits, and pupillary changes. These advances offer new opportunities for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and neurorehabilitation. (2) Objective. This narrative review explores the relationship between oculomotor dysfunction and PD pathophysiology, highlighting the potential applications of eye tracking in clinical and research settings. (3) Methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on peer-reviewed studies examining eye movement dysfunction in PD. Relevant publications were identified through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using key terms, such as \u201ceye movements in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u201d, \u201csaccadic control and neurodegeneration\u201d, \u201cfixation instability in PD\u201d, and \u201ceye-tracking for cognitive assessment\u201d. Studies integrating machine learning (ML) models and VR-based interventions were also included. (4) Results. Patients with PD exhibit distinct saccadic abnormalities, including hypometric saccades, prolonged saccadic latency, and increased anti-saccade errors. These impairments correlate with executive dysfunction and disease progression. Fixation instability and altered pupillary responses further support the role of oculomotor metrics as non-invasive biomarkers. Emerging AI-driven eye-tracking models show promise for automated PD diagnosis and progression tracking. (5) Conclusions. Eye tracking provides a reliable, cost-effective tool for early PD detection, cognitive assessment, and rehabilitation. Future research should focus on standardizing clinical protocols, validating predictive AI models, and integrating eye tracking into multimodal treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15040362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1743397807000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Eye Tracking in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review of Oculomotor Markers and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5470-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Diotaiuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Marotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Siena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Prinzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Philosophy and Education, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2964-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Rodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9064-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Di Libero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"Falese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Mancone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04796-6","article-title":"Eye movement especially vertical oculomotor impairment as an aid to assess Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. 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