{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:44:16Z","timestamp":1777268656054,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Psychological parameters related to alcohol dependence (AD) affect patients\u2019 behavioral and cognitive control, decision making, impulsivity and inhibitory control. People with AD often have a chronic course with a relapse to dependent substance use even after extensive treatment. This study investigated whether the psychological parameters of patients with AD predict (a) premature termination of treatment, and\/or (b) relapse into consumption of alcohol from admission until 6 weeks after discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation treatment. Methods: Participants: Alcohol-dependent patients consecutively admitted for a duration of about three months to inpatient rehabilitation treatment in a hospital specialized in substance use disorders. Craving (OCDS-G) and impulsivity (BIS-11; UPPS) were assessed with computerized questionnaires. Attentional bias and inhibitory control were measured with two computer-based experiments (dot-probe task; stop-signal task (SST)). Investigations were conducted at entry (T1); after 6 weeks (T2); and during the last two weeks of the inpatient treatment (T3). Some N = 128 patients finished the first, N = 102 the second and N = 83 the third assessments. Outcome variables were discontinuation of treatment and abstinence or relapse until follow-up 6 weeks after discharge; participants were contacted via telephone. Results: None of the variables are associated with discontinuation of treatment. Poor inhibitory control (SST) and high craving (OCDS-5) levels, measured at T1, are significantly associated with relapse. Higher impulsivity (UPPS) measured at T2 and T3 is significantly associated with relapse. Exploratory analyses showed that older age, longer inpatient treatment duration and time spent in abstinence before rehabilitation treatment were significantly associated with a reduced risk of relapse. Conclusions: Psychological parameters, craving and impulsivity levels did not predict relapse to a high degree. It is assumed that discontinuation of treatment and relapse may be associated with different issues, such as social context, and individual motivation levels. In contrast, the length of both abstinence before admission and of inpatient treatment were significantly associated with abstinence; it is here suggested that recovery time duration may be an underestimated influencing factor regarding relapse in AD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15040374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T06:52:56Z","timestamp":1743749576000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Psychological and Clinical Parameters as Predictors of Relapse in Alcohol-Dependent Patients During and After Extensive Inpatient Rehabilitation Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9188-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Rabl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-University Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Johannesbad Kliniken Fredeburg GmbH, Zu den Drei Buchen 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannesbad Kliniken Fredeburg GmbH, Zu den Drei Buchen 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-University Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus Hatfield, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-University Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14192","article-title":"Prevalence and Correlates of Past-Year Recovery from DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results from National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"43","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol. 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