{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:19:26Z","timestamp":1789802366276,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The sense of agency (SoA)\u2014the subjective experience of controlling one\u2019s own actions and their consequences\u2014is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, volition, and motor control. Understanding how the SoA arises and is disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders has significant implications for human\u2013machine interface (HMI) design for neurorehabilitation. Traditional cognitive models of agency often fail to capture its full complexity, especially in dynamic and uncertain environments. Objective: This review synthesizes computational models\u2014particularly predictive coding, Bayesian inference, and optimal control theories\u2014to provide a unified framework for understanding the SoA in both healthy and dysfunctional brains. It aims to demonstrate how these models can inform the design of adaptive HMIs and therapeutic tools by aligning with the brain\u2019s own inference and control mechanisms. Methods: I reviewed the foundational and contemporary literature on predictive coding, Kalman filtering, the Linear\u2013Quadratic\u2013Gaussian (LQG) control framework, and active inference. I explored their integration with neurophysiological mechanisms, focusing on the somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) and its role in sensorimotor integration, intention encoding, and the judgment of agency. Case studies, simulations, and XR-based rehabilitation paradigms using robotic haptics were used to illustrate theoretical concepts. Results: The SoA emerges from hierarchical inference processes that combine top\u2013down motor intentions with bottom\u2013up sensory feedback. Predictive coding frameworks, especially when implemented via Kalman filters and LQG control, provide a mechanistic basis for modeling motor learning, error correction, and adaptive control. Disruptions in these inference processes underlie symptoms in disorders such as functional movement disorder. XR-based interventions using robotic interfaces can restore the SoA by modulating sensory precision and motor predictions through adaptive feedback and suggestion. Computer simulations demonstrate how internal models, and hypnotic suggestions influence state estimation, motor execution, and the recovery of agency. Conclusions: Predictive coding and active inference offer a powerful computational framework for understanding and enhancing the SoA in health and disease. The SCAN system serves as a neural hub for integrating motor plans with cognitive and affective processes. Future work should explore the real-time modulation of agency via biofeedback, simulation, and SCAN-targeted non-invasive brain stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15040396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T03:59:06Z","timestamp":1744689546000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Sense of Agency: Literature Review for Integrating Predictive Coding and Adaptive Control in Human\u2013Machine Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7298-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirban","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.14","article-title":"Sense of Agency in the Human Brain","volume":"18","author":"Haggard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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