{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T05:37:45Z","timestamp":1793079465056,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: \u201cChemsex\u201d involves the intake of a range of drugs (e.g., synthetic cathinones, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid\/gamma-butyrolactone (GHB\/GBL), ketamine, methamphetamine, \u201cpoppers\u201d, type V phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, MDMA\/ecstasy, cocaine, cannabis, and occasionally a few other molecules as well, to enhance and prolong sexual experiences. This paper aims to provide an overview of the clinical pharmacology of the vast range of drugs that are being used for chemsex with a focus on both the medical and psychopathological disturbances that they can produce. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 273 papers published up to January 2025 were screened; articles were selected based on relevance to chemsex\/sexualized used behaviour and related substances. Both human and preclinical studies were considered. Results: The use of stimulants is likely related to the need to increase as much as possible both sexual arousal and performance but also to increase social interactions. Furthermore, the empathogenic\/entactogenic activities of some MDMA-like \u201clove drugs\u201d facilitate the occurrence of \u201cfeeling closer\/more intimate\u201d emotional sensations, and GHB\/GBL may provide the user with a subjective sensation of disinhibition, hence facilitating condomless meetings with a higher number of random partners. Conversely, ketamine may be used to both enjoy its psychotropic dissociative characteristics and facilitate the potentially painful receptive anal intercourse and\/or fisting experiences. Most typically, these drugs are consumed in combination, with polydrug exposure possibly facilitating the occurrence of serotonergic syndrome, seizures, drug\u2013drug pharmacokinetics\u2019 interaction, and sympathomimetic overstimulation. Following these polydrug exposures, a range of psychopathological conditions have at times been reported. These issues may lead to misuse of opiates\/opioids, gabapentinoids, and\/or antipsychotics. Conclusions: Further actions should aim at reducing the stigma that prevents individuals from accessing necessary healthcare and support services. A multidisciplinary approach that combines medical, psychological, and social support remains key to managing the complex challenges posed by chemsex-related drug use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15050424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T02:00:53Z","timestamp":1745287253000},"page":"424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Drugs Used in \u201cChemsex\u201d\/Sexualized Drug Behaviour\u2014Overview of the Related Clinical Psychopharmacological Issues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Bonaccorso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Islington Core Team, Academic Secretary RCPsych, London N7 8US, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Arillotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8255-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy, Medical School, The Grove, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Martin","family":"Corkery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0668-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Floresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele Duccio","family":"Papanti Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"},{"name":"Tolmezzo Community Mental Health Centre, ASUFC Mental Health and Addiction Department, Via Bonanni 2, 33028 Tolmezzo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-University Hospital Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Schifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, ASST Sette Laghi-Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.29045\/14784726.2024.12.9.3.63","article-title":"Chemsex: Core knowledge for emergency medical service responders","volume":"9","author":"Kingsley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. 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