{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:36:30Z","timestamp":1767206190809,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The adverse effects of low gravity on human physiology are well documented; however, much of the literature is directed at changes which occur in microgravity (\u00b5g: weightlessness) with relatively less documented on changes in hypogravity (&lt;1 g; &gt;\u00b5g: gravity less than Earth\u2019s but more than microgravity). Somatosensation and neuromuscular control may be of particular importance for astronauts as they prepare for future missions to walk on the Moon. This study aimed to explore the effect of reduced weight bearing (to simulate conditions of hypogravity) on ankle somatosensation, lower-limb muscle activity, tone, and stiffness, compared to full weight bearing. Methods: Participants completed an ankle somatosensory acuity task (active movement extent discrimination assessment [AMEDA]) in two body positions: (1) upright standing (1 g), and (2) in a head-elevated supine, semi-weight bearing (0.16 g) position using a custom-built inclined \u201cwedge bed\u201d. The second position induced ~16% body weight on to the plantar aspect of the feet, simulating that of lunar gravity. We compared the AMEDA scores between the two positions. Lower-limb muscle activity was recorded via surface EMG throughout the AMEDA task for both positions. The ankle AMEDA has five depths of ankle inversion. We compared muscle activity between the body positions, and muscle activity between inversion depths \u201c1\u201d and \u201c5\u201d (within each position). Lower-limb muscle tone and muscle stiffness were assessed at rest in both body positions using the MyotonPRO. Results: Fifty-five participants between the ages of 18 and 65 (28 females, 27 males; mean age of 40 years) completed the study. The AMEDA scores, muscle tone and stiffness were reduced when the participants were on the lunar wedge bed, compared to upright standing (p = 0.002; p &lt; 0.001; p &lt; 0.001). Some lower-limb muscles exhibited less activity in the lunar wedge-bed position compared to upright standing (tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris; p &lt; 0.05) but others were unchanged (gastrocnemius, vastus medialis; p &gt; 0.05). Muscle activity was unchanged between the AMEDA depths (p = 0.188). Conclusions: The results provide insight into how the somatosensory and neuromuscular systems respond to reduced weight bearing and potentially lunar gravity conditions, thereby informing how to target interventions for future missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15050443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T09:26:58Z","timestamp":1745486818000},"page":"443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ankle Somatosensation and Lower-Limb Neuromuscular Function on a Lunar Gravity Analogue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Marchant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9536-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Witchalls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wallwork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Waddington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3778","article-title":"Effects of long-duration spaceflight, microgravity, and radiation on the neuromuscular, sensorimotor, and skeletal systems","volume":"12","author":"Carpenter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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