{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:03:57Z","timestamp":1780412637960,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex psychiatric condition often associated with alterations in cognitive processes, including memory. Although memory dysfunction has been proposed as a contributing factor to the onset and maintenance of OCD symptoms, it remains debated whether these deficits reflect genuine cognitive impairments or maladaptive metacognitive processes, such as pathological doubt and memory distrust. This review aims to synthesize current findings on memory functioning in OCD, focusing on distinct memory systems and the role of metacognition. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar), covering studies up to April 2025. Search terms included \u201cObsessive-compulsive disorder\u201d; \u201cOCD\u201d; \u201cMemory dysfunction\u201d; \u201cEpisodic memory\u201d; \u201cWorking memory impairment\u201d; \u201cProspective memory deficits\u201d; \u201cChecking compulsions\u201d; \u201cMemory confidence\u201d; \u201cCognitive biases\u201d. Results: Short-term memory appears generally preserved in OCD. Working memory deficits are consistently reported, especially in the visuospatial domain, and they are associated with difficulties in updating and clearing irrelevant information. Episodic memory impairments are common and often linked to inefficient encoding strategies and heightened cognitive self-consciousness. Prospective memory is frequently compromised under neutral conditions. Individuals with checking symptoms tend to show intact objective memory performance, despite reporting low memory confidence, supporting the concept of memory distrust. Conclusions: Memory dysfunction in OCD is multifaceted, involving both cognitive and metacognitive alterations. The evidence supports a model in which executive dysfunctions and memory-related beliefs contribute to compulsive behaviors more than objective memory failure. These insights highlight the need for integrative assessment protocols and personalized interventions targeting both cognitive performance and metacognitive appraisals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15050492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T11:46:19Z","timestamp":1746618379000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Memory Functions in Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0743-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Gurrieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8863-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Gambini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pescini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diletta","family":"Mastrogiacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Russomanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Marazziti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw4325","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw4325","article-title":"Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future","volume":"367","author":"Josselyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squire, L.R., Genzel, L., Wixted, J.T., and Morris, R.G. 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