{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:11:31Z","timestamp":1791497491141,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibodies against the NR1 or NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor are linked to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, a type of encephalitis that mainly affects women. Clinicians who treat patients of all ages should be aware of this type of encephalitis since it may be a treatable differential for symptoms and indicators observed in neurology and psychiatric clinics. Auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, altered behavior (often accompanied by agitation), reduced consciousness, motor disruption (from dyskinesia to catatonia), seizures, and autonomic dysfunction are typical clinical characteristics. In recent years, the incidence of autoimmune encephalitis diagnoses has markedly risen among adults, children, and adolescents. This fact is unequivocally connected to the dynamic evolution of novel diagnostic techniques and the advancement of medical knowledge. A specific variant of this illness is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Psychiatrists frequently serve as the initial specialists to treat patients with this diagnosis, owing to the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms associated with the condition. The differential diagnosis is quite challenging and predominantly relies on the patient\u2019s history and the manifestation of characteristic clinical signs. Given its high prevalence, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis should be included in the differential diagnosis in routine psychiatric treatment. We provide an overview of the research on the condition, covering its prognosis, management, epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and clinical presentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15050518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T07:34:03Z","timestamp":1747640043000},"page":"518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-5689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad","family":"P\u0103dureanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6065-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Dop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodica","family":"P\u0103dureanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisa Floriana Vasilica","family":"P\u00eer\u0219coveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Olaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Streata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Bug\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21050","article-title":"Paraneoplastic anti\u2013N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma","volume":"61","author":"Dalmau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. 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