{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:11:17Z","timestamp":1788999077287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hashir International Specialist Clinics &amp; Re-search Institute for Misophonia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based intervention for managing distress associated with tinnitus, hyperacusis, and misophonia. This paper summarises key points from the 2025 Tonndorf Lecture presented at the third World Tinnitus Congress and the 14th International Tinnitus Seminar in Poland. The lecture addressed (1) the theoretical foundations of CBT for these conditions, (2) clinical evidence on CBT delivered by psychologists, audiologists, and digital self-help, and (3) the proportion of patients who may benefit from CBT. Research demonstrates that CBT can effectively reduce distress related to tinnitus, hyperacusis, and misophonia. Both psychologist- and audiologist-delivered CBT approaches have demonstrated significant improvements in reducing the impact of tinnitus, hyperacusis, and misophonia on patients\u2019 quality of life, while guided internet-based CBT also demonstrates positive outcomes. Unguided internet-based CBT is also effective, though it faces challenges such as higher dropout rates. Despite these promising results, not all patients experience the same level of benefit. Some continue to experience distress even after completing CBT, highlighting the need for alternative or complementary interventions and ongoing support. This paper estimates that approximately 1 in 52 individuals with tinnitus require CBT, indicating that while tinnitus is relatively common, the need for intensive therapy is comparatively small. To enhance treatment outcomes, future research should compare the effectiveness of psychologist- and audiologist-delivered CBT, explore hybrid models that combine face-to-face and digital interventions, and address challenges with internet-based CBT, particularly for hyperacusis and misophonia. Furthermore, incorporating neuroimaging and physiological measures in future randomised controlled trials could provide objective insights into the neural mechanisms underlying symptom improvement, ultimately helping to refine CBT interventions. Identifying characteristics of non-responders to CBT may also guide the development of more tailored therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15050526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T11:54:26Z","timestamp":1747655666000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for Managing Tinnitus, Hyperacusis, and Misophonia: The 2025 Tonndorf Lecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hashir","family":"Aazh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hashir International Specialist Clinics & Research Institute for Misophonia, Tinnitus and Hyperacusis, London W1W 5PF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Homage to Prof. Dr. Abraham Shulman: Tinnitus-A Life with Tinnitology","volume":"4","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23420","article-title":"Middle ear myoclonus associated with forced eyelid closure in children: Diagnosis and treatment outcome","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"30","article-title":"Objective Tinnitus and the Tensor Tympani Muscle","volume":"1","author":"Rock","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016589","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016589","article-title":"Is smoking a risk factor for tinnitus? A systematic review, meta-analysis and estimation of the population attributable risk in Germany","volume":"8","author":"Veile","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-997744","article-title":"Standardization and quality assurance exemplified by tinnitus","volume":"74","author":"Wilhelm","year":"1995","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(1981). Proceedings of the First International Tinnitus Seminar. (New York, 8\u20139, June, 1979). J. Laryngol. Otol. Suppl., 1\u2013217."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(1984). Proceedings of the II International Tinnitus Seminar. New York, 10\u201311 June 1983. J. Laryngol. Otol. Suppl., 9, 1\u2013323."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"114","article-title":"Remarks Honoring Dr. Abraham Shulman, Dr. Barbara Goldstein, and the Martha Entenmann Tinnitus Research Center","volume":"15","author":"House","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755146300090223","article-title":"Juergen Tonndorf, M.D., Ph.D. Guest of Honor at the Second International Tinnitus Seminar, 1983","volume":"98","author":"Naunton","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399197","article-title":"Tonndorf, Juergen 1914\u20131989","volume":"87","author":"Zwislocki","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(87)90054-2","article-title":"The analogy between tinnitus and pain: A suggestion for a physiological basis of chronic tinnitus","volume":"28","author":"Tonndorf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baguley, D.M. (2006). What progress have we made with tinnitus? The Tonndorf Lecture 2005. Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl., 4\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/03655230600895218"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.10.002","article-title":"Tinnitus and neural plasticity (Tonndorf lecture at XIth International Tinnitus Seminar, Berlin, 2014)","volume":"319","author":"Eggermont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331216517736689","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216517736689","article-title":"Designing Clinical Trials for Assessing the Effectiveness of Interventions for Tinnitus","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ITS, and WTC (2025). XIV INTERNATIONAL TINNITUS SEMINAR AND 3rd WORLD TINNITUS CONGRESS, 13\u201315.04.2025, WARSAW\/KAJETANY, POLAND (The Abstracts). J. Hear. Sci., 15, 125\u2013147.","DOI":"10.17430\/jhs\/203341"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1780-4002","article-title":"Psychometric Evaluation of the Hyperacusis Impact Questionnaire (HIQ) and Sound Sensitivity Symptoms Questionnaire (SSSQ) Using a Clinical Population of Adult Patients with Tinnitus Alone or Combined with Hyperacusis","volume":"33","author":"Aazh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021.04.05.21254951","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.841816","article-title":"A Consensus Definition of Misophonia: Using a Delphi Process to Reach Expert Agreement","volume":"16","author":"Swedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1372527","article-title":"Treatments for Decreased Sound Tolerance (Hyperacusis and Misophonia)","volume":"35","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3401.197","article-title":"Tinnitus reaction questionnaire: Psychometric properties of a measure of distress associated with tinnitus","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22500","article-title":"A Large-Scale Study of Misophonia","volume":"74","author":"Rouw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal, M.Z., Anand, D., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Williams, Z.J., Guetta, R.E., Trumbull, J., and Kelley, L.D. (2021). Development and Initial Validation of the Duke Misophonia Questionnaire. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.709928"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2022.2113827","article-title":"Development and validation of a paediatric version of the Khalfa Hyperacusis Questionnaire for children with and without autism","volume":"62","author":"Carson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remmert, N., Schmidt, K.M.B., Mussel, P., Hagel, M.L., and Eid, M. (2022). The Berlin Misophonia Questionnaire Revised (BMQ-R): Development and validation of a symptom-oriented diagnostical instrument for the measurement of misophonia. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1037\/t86199-000"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.02.015","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus among US adults","volume":"123","author":"Shargorodsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siepsiak, M., \u015aliwerski, A., and \u0141ukasz Dragan, W. (2020). Development and Psychometric Properties of MisoQuest-A New Self-Report Questionnaire for Misophonia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051797"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinaldi, L.J., Smees, R., Ward, J., and Simner, J. (2022). Poorer Well-Being in Children with Misophonia: Evidence from the Sussex Misophonia Scale for Adolescents. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.808379"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-023-00914-1","article-title":"Review and Perspective on Brain Bases of Tinnitus","volume":"24","author":"Husain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.048","article-title":"The Brain Basis for Misophonia","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.108158","article-title":"Subcortical and cortical responses are enlarged in tinnitus patients with hyperacusis compared to those without hyperacusis","volume":"401","author":"Koops","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/35077083","article-title":"Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events","volume":"411","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.01411","article-title":"Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex","volume":"14","author":"Schupp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.2.153","article-title":"Emotional facial expressions capture attention","volume":"56","author":"Vuilleumier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01700.x","article-title":"The impact of emotion on perception: Bias or enhanced processing?","volume":"17","author":"Zeelenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"153","article-title":"Psychometric adequacy of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) for evaluating treatment outcome","volume":"9","author":"Newman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"436","article-title":"Psychometric normalization of a hyperacusis questionnaire","volume":"64","author":"Khalfa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Its Relat. Spec."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroder, A., Vulink, N., and Denys, D. (2013). Misophonia: Diagnostic criteria for a new psychiatric disorder. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054706"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jastreboff, P.J., and Hazell, J.W. (2004). Tinnitus Retraining Therapy: Implementing the Neurophysiological Model, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544989"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00172-X","article-title":"Tinnitus retraining therapy for patients with tinnitus and decreased sound tolerance","volume":"36","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00021-4","article-title":"Decreased sound tolerance: Hyperacusis, misophonia, diplacousis, and polyacousis","volume":"129","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jastreboff, P.J., and Jastreboff, M.M. (2023). The neurophysiological approach to misophonia: Theory and treatment. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.895574"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748042","article-title":"Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) as a method for treatment of tinnitus and hyperacusis patients","volume":"11","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(90)90031-9","article-title":"Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): Mechanisms of generation and perception","volume":"8","author":"Jastreboff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Rachman, S. (1984). Psychological aspects of tinnitus. Contributions to Medical Psychology, Pergamon."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJA-17-0008","article-title":"Factors associated with depression in patients with tinnitus and hyperacusis","volume":"26","author":"Aazh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_AJA-23-00063","article-title":"The Association Between Tinnitus Sensation-Level Loudness and Sleep Quality in Patients with Subjective Consecutive Tinnitus: A Mediation Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2012\/12-0010)","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of visual analog scale for the assessment of chronic tinnitus","volume":"21","author":"Adamchic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.055","article-title":"Psychological mediators of chronic tinnitus: The critical role of depression","volume":"204","author":"Trevis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-7","article-title":"Which tinnitus-related aspects are relevant for quality of life and depression: Results from a large international multicentre sample","volume":"12","author":"Zeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000583","article-title":"Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of a New Scale to Measure Hyperacusis: Introducing the Inventory of Hyperacusis Symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Greenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Beck, A., Rush, J., Shaw, B., and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002","article-title":"Thinking and Depression. I. Idiosyncratic Content and Cognitive Distortions","volume":"9","author":"Beck","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Beck, A.T., Freeman, A., and Davis, D.D. (2007). Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Beck, J.S. (2011). Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.752111","article-title":"The role of catastrophizing in recent onset tinnitus: Its nature and association with tinnitus distress and medical utilization","volume":"52","author":"Weise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(96)00171-7","article-title":"Tinnitus coping style and its relationship to tinnitus severity and emotional distress","volume":"41","author":"Budd","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"23","article-title":"Tinnitus Cognitions Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Measure of Dysfunctional Cognitions Associated with Tinnitus","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Tinnitus J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000728","article-title":"The Fear of Tinnitus Questionnaire: Toward a Reliable and Valid Means of Assessing Fear in Adults with Tinnitus","volume":"40","author":"Fuller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitoratou, S., Hayes, C., Uglik-Marucha, N., Pearson, O., Graham, T., and Gregory, J. (2023). Misophonia in the UK: Prevalence and norms from the S-Five in a UK representative sample. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282777"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Clayton, P.J., and Barrett, J.E. (1983). Cognitive theory of depression: New perspectives. Treatment of Depression: Old Controversies and New Approaches, Raven Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aazh, H., and Kula, F.B. (2024). The Sound Sensitivity Symptoms Questionnaire Version 2.0 (SSSQ2) as a Screening Tool for Assessment of Hyperacusis, Misophonia and Noise Sensitivity: Factor Analysis, Validity, Reliability, and Minimum Detectable Change. Brain Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15010016"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S179138","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for alleviating the distress caused by tinnitus, hyperacusis and misophonia: Current perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Aazh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/16513860801899389","article-title":"Sound therapy for tinnitus\u2014Sacred cow or idol worship?: An investigation of the evidence","volume":"6","author":"McKenna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Audiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449208403157","article-title":"Coping strategies used by middle-aged males with noise-induced hearing loss, with and without tinnitus","volume":"7","author":"Hallberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"3210","article-title":"Hyperacusis\u2014An unexplored field. Cognitive behavior therapy can relieve problems in auditory intolerance, a condition with many questions","volume":"102","author":"Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3390\/psych3040041","article-title":"Listening to people with misophonia: Exploring the multiple dimensions of sound intolerance using a new psychometric tool, the S-five, in a large sample of individuals identifying with the condition","volume":"3","author":"Vitoratou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psych"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110587","article-title":"The development and validation of the Misophonia response scale","volume":"149","author":"Dibb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802635325","article-title":"The role of anxiety sensitivity and behavioral avoidance in tinnitus disability","volume":"48","author":"Hesser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"33","article-title":"\u201cHow Can I Get Out of This?\u201d: A Qualitative Study of the Phenomenology and Functional Impact of Misophonia in Youth and Families","volume":"58","author":"Guzick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carson, T.B., Guerrero, L.A., Niebles, M., and Gayle, C.G.F. (2024). Modified cognitive behavioral therapy approach reduces loudness discomfort levels for an autistic child with hyperacusis: Case report. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1440624"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00061-4","article-title":"A cognitive model of insomnia","volume":"40","author":"Harvey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jager, I., Vulink, N., van Loon, A., van der Pol, M., Schr\u00f6der, A., Slaghekke, S., and Denys, D. (2022). Synopsis and Qualitative Evaluation of a Treatment Protocol to Guide Systemic Group-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Misophonia. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.794343"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001261","article-title":"Better Together. Group versus individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for tinnitus: A Multiple-Baseline Single-Case Experimental Design","volume":"44","author":"Lourenco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna, L., Handscomb, L., Hoare, D.J., and Hall, D.A. (2014). A scientific cognitive-behavioral model of tinnitus: Novel conceptualizations of tinnitus distress. Front. Neurol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00196"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1017\/S1754470X23000107","article-title":"Session-by-session change in misophonia: A descriptive case study using intensive CBT","volume":"16","author":"Gregory","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.027","article-title":"Transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy for misophonia in youth: Methods for a clinical trial and four pilot cases","volume":"291","author":"Lewin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465823000462","article-title":"Targeting beliefs and behaviours in misophonia: A case series from a UK specialist psychology service","volume":"52","author":"Gregory","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.03.019","article-title":"Toward a theoretical model of misophonia","volume":"37","author":"Webber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Aazh, H., and Moore, B.C.J. (2022). Living Well with Tinnitus: A Self-help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Little, Brown Book Group."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31821106dd","article-title":"Catastrophizing and fear of tinnitus predict quality of life in patients with chronic tinnitus","volume":"32","author":"Cima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2012.717301","article-title":"The role of fear-avoidance cognitions and behaviors in patients with chronic tinnitus","volume":"42","author":"Jasper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.10.003","article-title":"Tinnitus-related fear: Mediating the effects of a cognitive behavioural specialised tinnitus treatment","volume":"358","author":"Cima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahn, K.N., Kashiwagura, S.T., and Yousuf, M.S. (2024). Clinical phenotype and management of sound-induced pain: Insights from adults with pain hyperacusis. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.19.24309185"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.110295","article-title":"Tonic tensor tympani syndrome in tinnitus and hyperacusis patients: A multi-clinic prevalence study","volume":"15","author":"Westcott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00018-0","article-title":"The nociceptive flexion reflex in humans\u2014Review article","volume":"96","author":"Skljarevski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1346303","article-title":"Hyperacusis in chronic pain: Neural interactions between the auditory and nociceptive systems","volume":"56","author":"Suhnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000004175","article-title":"Tensor Tympani and Stapedial Tendon Reconstruction for Postoperative Hyperacusis after Tendon Lysis for Middle Ear Myoclonus","volume":"45","author":"Khandalavala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJA-20-00209","article-title":"A Phenotypic Comparison of Loudness and Pain Hyperacusis: Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Associated Features in a Multinational Patient Registry","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGeoch, P.D., and Rouw, R. (2020). How everyday sounds can trigger strong emotions: ASMR, misophonia and the feeling of wellbeing. Bioessays, 42.","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000099"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23605","article-title":"Mimicry in misophonia: A large-scale survey of prevalence and relationship with trigger sounds","volume":"80","author":"Ash","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"63","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy in management of hyperacusis: A narrative review and clinical implementation","volume":"25","author":"Aazh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Audit. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jager, I., de Koning, P., Bost, T., Denys, D., and Vulink, N. (2020). Misophonia: Phenomenology, comorbidity and demographics in a large sample. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231390"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natalini, E., Fioretti, A., Eibenstein, R., and Eibenstein, A. (2024). Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for Misophonia: A Single-Case Study. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070717"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langguth, B., Hund, V., Busch, V., Jurgens, T.P., Lainez, J.M., Landgrebe, M., and Schecklmann, M. (2015). Tinnitus and Headache. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/797416"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowaczewska, M., Wici\u0144ski, M., Straburzy\u0144ski, M., and Ka\u017amierczak, W. (2020). The Prevalence of Different Types of Headache in Patients with Subjective Tinnitus and Its Influence on Tinnitus Parameters: A Prospective Clinical Study. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110776"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z.G., Xu, J.J., Hu, J., Wu, Y., and Wang, D. (2021). Arterial Spin Labeling Cerebral Perfusion Changes in Chronic Tinnitus with Tension-Type Headache. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.698539"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.1999.8.20.1383","article-title":"Reflective practice and guided discovery: Clinical supervision","volume":"8","author":"Todd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.05.004","article-title":"Therapist use of Socratic questioning predicts session-to-session symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression","volume":"70","author":"Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e072754","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072754","article-title":"Analysis and comparison of clinical practice guidelines regarding treatment recommendations for chronic tinnitus in adults: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Meijers","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2025.0052","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Tinnitus: Recommendations from the US VA\/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline Work Group","volume":"151","author":"Sherlock","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101405","article-title":"Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy on insomnia in adults with tinnitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"56","author":"Curtis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"Cd012614","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus","volume":"1","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215114002849","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of tinnitus retraining therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of subjective tinnitus: A systematic review","volume":"128","author":"Grewal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"Cd005233","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus","volume":"8","author":"Perera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.12.006","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus distress","volume":"31","author":"Hesser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.03.007","article-title":"Current Validated Medical Treatments for Tinnitus: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy","volume":"53","author":"McKenna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"36","article-title":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Veterans with Tinnitus","volume":"35","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fed. Pract."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_AJA-23-00020","article-title":"Acceptability of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus: A Study with Veterans and Nonveterans","volume":"32","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001226","article-title":"Pragmatic Uncontrolled Study of Specialized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with Chronic Tinnitus","volume":"43","author":"Fuller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJA-19-0045","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perspectives about the acceptability and effectiveness of audiologist-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus and\/or hyperacusis rehabilitation","volume":"28","author":"Aazh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2018.1431405","article-title":"Proportion and characteristics of patients who were offered, enrolled in and completed audiologist-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus and hyperacusis rehabilitation in a specialist UK clinic","volume":"57","author":"Aazh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJA-17-0096","article-title":"Effectiveness of audiologist-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus and hyperacusis rehabilitation: Outcomes for patients treated in routine practice","volume":"27","author":"Aazh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_AJA-23-00254","article-title":"A Preliminary Analysis of the Clinical Effectiveness of Audiologist-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Delivered via Video Calls for Rehabilitation of Misophonia, Hyperacusis, and Tinnitus","volume":"33","author":"Aazh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres14030035","article-title":"The Current State of Evidence Regarding Audiologist-Provided Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for the Management of Tinnitus: A Scoping Review","volume":"14","author":"Burke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001150","article-title":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus: Addressing the Controversy of Its Clinical Delivery by Audiologists","volume":"43","author":"Henry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJA-20-00222","article-title":"Audiologist-Supported Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus in the United States: A Pilot Trial","volume":"30","author":"Beukes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beukes, E.W., Andersson, G., and Manchaiah, V. (2021). Patient Uptake, Experiences, and Process Evaluation of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus in the United States. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.771646"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJA-21-00160","article-title":"Application of the Behavior Change Wheel Within the Context of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus Management","volume":"31","author":"Beukes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27584","DOI":"10.2196\/27584","article-title":"Internet-Based Audiologist-Guided Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Beukes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","article-title":"Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory","volume":"122","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aazh, H., Moore, B.C.J., and Erfanian, M. (2024). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Tinnitus Impact Questionnaire using data from patients seeking help for tinnitus alone or tinnitus combined with hyperacusis. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302837"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2018.2238","article-title":"Effectiveness of Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Face-to-Face Clinical Care for Treatment of Tinnitus: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"144","author":"Beukes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.06.004","article-title":"Tinnitus Functional Index: Development, validation, outcomes research, and clinical application","volume":"334","author":"Henry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822f67c0","article-title":"The tinnitus functional index: Development of a new clinical measure for chronic, intrusive tinnitus","volume":"33","author":"Meikle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000505","article-title":"Audiologist-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Adults with Tinnitus in the United Kingdom: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"39","author":"Beukes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJA-IMIA3-18-0004","article-title":"Long-Term Efficacy of Audiologist-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Tinnitus","volume":"27","author":"Beukes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2022.100583","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of audiologist-guided Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for tinnitus in the United States: A repeated-measures design","volume":"30","author":"Beukes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Interv."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJA-20-00002","article-title":"Features, Functionality, and Acceptability of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Manchaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2087-0262","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Unguided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus for Patients with Tinnitus Alone or Combined with Hyperacusis and\/or Misophonia: A Preliminary Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Aazh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2022.2143430","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the 4C tinnitus management questionnaire for patients with tinnitus alone or tinnitus combined with hyperacusis","volume":"63","author":"Aazh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2255-7643","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the Hyperacusis Impact Questionnaire, Sound Sensitivity Symptoms Questionnaire, and Screening for Anxiety and Depression in Tinnitus, including preliminary analyses of the parent versions for use with children","volume":"35","author":"Aazh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59575","DOI":"10.2196\/59575","article-title":"Continuous Improvement of Chronic Tinnitus Through a 9-Month Smartphone-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Walter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"166","article-title":"The tinnitus questionnaire. A standard instrument for grading the degree of tinnitus. Results of a multicenter study with the tinnitus questionnaire","volume":"42","author":"Goebel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hno"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.50.4.171","article-title":"Screening psychischer St\u00f6rungen mit dem \u201cGesundheitsfragebogen f\u00fcr Patienten (PHQ-D)\u201d","volume":"50","author":"Zipfel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39076","DOI":"10.2196\/39076","article-title":"Effectiveness of Telerehabilitation Interventions for Self-management of Tinnitus: Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Demoen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"810","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of Internet based cognitive behavior therapy for distress associated with tinnitus","volume":"64","author":"Andersson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HJ.0000734220.13107.55","article-title":"Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus: Insights from Health Care Professionals","volume":"74","author":"Aazh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Fackrell, K. (2018). Development and Evaluation of a Complex Needs Digital Intervention for Education and Self-Management of Hyperacusis, NIHR."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perreau, A., Williamson, J.A., and Tyler, R.S. (2025). Rationale and Development of a Remote Counseling Program for Hyperacusis. Am. J. Audiol., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_AJA-24-00229"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.01.001","article-title":"Cognitive behaviour therapy for hyperacusis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"54c","author":"Juris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, D.R., Gupta, R., Huber, C.G., and Schneeberger, A.R. (2020). An Effective Treatment for Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in an Inpatient Setting: A 10-Year Retrospective Outcome Analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00025"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-28342","article-title":"The assessment of subjective distress related to hyperacusis with a self-rating questionnaire on hypersensitivity to sound","volume":"81","author":"Nelting","year":"2002","journal-title":"Laryngo-Rhino-Otol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1017\/S1754470X13000172","article-title":"A brief course of cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of misophonia: A case example","volume":"6","author":"Bernstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14cr09343","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for 2 youths with misophonia","volume":"76","author":"McGuire","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"61","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on Anger in Female Students with Misophonia: A Single-Case Study","volume":"46","author":"Roushani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.04.017","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in misophonia: An open trial","volume":"217","author":"Schroder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23127","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for misophonia: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Jager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22098","article-title":"Misophonia: Incidence, phenomenology, and clinical correlates in an undergraduate student sample","volume":"70","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2192-5668","article-title":"Psychometric Evaluation of the Misophonia Impact Questionnaire (MIQ) Using a Clinical Population of Patients Seeking Help for Tinnitus, Hyperacusis and\/or Misophonia","volume":"35","author":"Aazh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.1700","article-title":"Prevalence, Severity, Exposures, and Treatment Patterns of Tinnitus in the United States","volume":"142","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"Tyler, R.S. (2000). Epidemiology of Tinnitus. Tinnitus Handbook, Singular Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/01632787231158402","article-title":"Seeking Help for Tinnitus and Satisfaction with Healthcare Providers Including Diagnosis, Clinical Services, and Treatment: A Scoping Review","volume":"46","author":"Carmody","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rademaker, M.M., Stegeman, I., Brabers, A.E.M., de Jong, J.D., Stokroos, R.J., and Smit, A.L. (2021). Differences in characteristics between people with tinnitus that seek help and that do not. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01632-5"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.41.4.347","article-title":"Psychological Profile and Somatic Complaints Between Help-Seeking and Non-Help-Seeking Tinnitus Subjects","volume":"41","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000121","article-title":"Incidence rates of clinically significant tinnitus: 10-year trend from a cohort study in England","volume":"36","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Green, J., and Thorogood, T. (2009). Qualitative Research Methods for Health Research, Sage."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rollnick, S., Miller, W., and Butler, C. (2008). Motivational Interviewing in Health Care: Helping Patients Change Behaviour, Guilford Press.","DOI":"10.1080\/15412550802093108"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.nah_40_23","article-title":"Relationship amongst Noise Sensitivity, Burnout and Psychological Resilience in Community Workers","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1159\/000511353","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Noise Sensitivity in New Zealand","volume":"54","author":"Shepherd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Chung, S., Lee, J., Sung, J.H., Cho, S.W., and Sim, C.S. (2017). Noise sensitivity, rather than noise level, predicts the non-auditory effects of noise in community samples: A population-based survey. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4244-5"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.189244","article-title":"Characteristics of hyperacusis in the general population","volume":"18","author":"Paulin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2887","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29768","article-title":"Prevalence of Hyperacusis and Its Relation to Health: The Busselton Healthy Ageing Study","volume":"131","author":"Smit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.63.4.458","article-title":"Individual differences in reactions to noise: A longitudinal study in a college dormitory","volume":"63","author":"Weinstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noise, noise sensitivity and psychiatric disorder: Epidemiological and psychophysiological studies","volume":"22","author":"Stansfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2024.108992","article-title":"Noise Sensitivity or hyperacusis? Comparing the Weinstein and Khalfa questionnaires in a Community and a Clinical samples","volume":"445","author":"Bigras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1335888","article-title":"Factors related to Uncomfortable Loudness Levels for patients seen in a tinnitus and hyperacusis clinic","volume":"56","author":"Aazh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09825-3","article-title":"The Prevalence and Severity of Misophonia in a UK Undergraduate Medical Student Population and Validation of the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale","volume":"92","author":"Naylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732676","article-title":"The method of path coefficients","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"1934","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023962332399","article-title":"An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression","volume":"27","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000826","article-title":"Evaluation of a Cognitive Behavioral Model of Tinnitus Distress: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"41","author":"Handscomb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.108124","article-title":"A psychoacoustic test for diagnosing hyperacusis based on ratings of natural sounds","volume":"400","author":"Enzler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enzler, F., Loriot, C., Fournier, P., and Nore\u00f1a, A.J. (2021). A psychoacoustic test for misophonia assessment. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90355-8"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs045","article-title":"Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia populations: A review and integrated model of cognitive mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Waters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.08.002","article-title":"Advances in the neurobiology of hearing disorders: Recent developments regarding the basis of tinnitus and hyperacusis","volume":"111","author":"Knipper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroder, A., Wingen, G.V., Eijsker, N., San Giorgi, R., Vulink, N.C., Turbyne, C., and Denys, D. (2019). Misophonia is associated with altered brain activity in the auditory cortex and salience network. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44084-8"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103425","article-title":"Hyperacusis is associated with smaller gray matter volumes in the supplementary motor area","volume":"38","author":"Makani","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.743043","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity and personality traits in patients with hyperacusis","volume":"52","author":"Juris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boecking, B., Stoettner, E., Brueggemann, P., and Mazurek, B. (2024). Emotional self-states and coping responses in patients with chronic tinnitus: A schema mode model approach. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1257299"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2019.1609086","article-title":"Misophonia and comorbid psychiatric symptoms: A preliminary study of clinical findings","volume":"73","author":"Erfanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.17144","article-title":"The relationship between severity of hearing loss and subjective tinnitus loudness among patients seen in a specialist tinnitus and hyperacusis therapy clinic in UK","volume":"30","author":"Aazh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_182","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28999","DOI":"10.2196\/28999","article-title":"Exploratory Data Mining Techniques (Decision Tree Models) for Examining the Impact of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus: Machine Learning Approach","volume":"23","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.2264","article-title":"Predictors of Response to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Tinnitus","volume":"150","author":"Mueller","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.010","article-title":"Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"50","author":"Craig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1178400","article-title":"Tinnitus and hyperacusis therapy in a UK National Health Service audiology department: Patients\u2019 evaluations of the effectiveness of treatments","volume":"55","author":"Aazh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7455.1561","article-title":"Complex interventions: How \u201cout of control\u201d can a randomised controlled trial be?","volume":"328","author":"Hawe","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7538.413","article-title":"Process evaluation in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions","volume":"332","author":"Oakley","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrrigan, M., Cupples, M.E., Smith, S.M., Byrne, M., Leathem, C.S., Clerkin, P., and Murphy, A.W. (2006). The contribution of qualitative research in designing a complex intervention for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in two different healthcare systems. BMC Health Serv. Res., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-90"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beukes, E.W., Chundu, S., Ratinaud, P., Andersson, G., and Manchaiah, V. (2022). Experiential Characteristics among Individuals with Tinnitus Seeking Online Psychological Interventions: A Cluster Analysis. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091221"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12486","article-title":"\u2018That\u2019s just how I am\u2019: A qualitative interview study to identify factors influencing engagement with a digital intervention for tinnitus self-management","volume":"26","author":"Greenwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract14040130","article-title":"Individuals with Tinnitus Report More Positive Experiences following Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Manchaiah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2022.2084155","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBTi) as a treatment for tinnitus-related insomnia: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Marks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18027","article-title":"Tinnitus Sound Therapy Trial Shows Effectiveness for Those with Tinnitus","volume":"31","author":"Tyler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_AJA-23-00144","article-title":"An Exploratory Study of Bimodal Electro-Aural Stimulation Through the Ear Canals for Tinnitus","volume":"33","author":"Tyler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conlon, B., Hamilton, C., Meade, E., Leong, S.L., O\u2019Connor, C., Langguth, B., Vanneste, S., Hall, D.A., Hughes, S., and Lim, H.H. (2022). Different bimodal neuromodulation settings reduce tinnitus symptoms in a large randomized trial. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13875-x"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.12.001","article-title":"Do tDCS and TMS influence tinnitus transiently via a direct cortical and indirect somatosensory modulating effect? A combined TMS-tDCS and TENS study","volume":"4","author":"Vanneste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2005.00361.x","article-title":"Daily living with hyperacusis due to head injury 1 year after a treatment programme at the hearing clinic","volume":"19","author":"Hallberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053030084001","article-title":"Struggling for a new self: In-depth interviews with 21 patients with hyperacusis after an acute head trauma","volume":"8","author":"Trulsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-024-01247-0","article-title":"Clinical Considerations for Integrating Ethical Principles of Beneficence in the Development of Evidence-Based Interventions: The case of Pediatric Misophonia","volume":"53","author":"Spencer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"108","article-title":"Misophonia: Awareness and Responsiveness in Academia","volume":"32","author":"Porcaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Postsecond. Educ. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denys, S., Cima, R.F.F., Fuller, T.E., Ceresa, A.S., Blockmans, L., Vlaeyen, J.W.S., and Verhaert, N. (2022). Fear influences phantom sound percepts in an anechoic room. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.974718"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/000348945306200107","article-title":"Tinnitus aurium in normally hearing persons","volume":"62","author":"Heller","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.09.023","article-title":"Influence of silence and attention on tinnitus perception","volume":"138","author":"Knobel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.06.019","article-title":"Tinnitus aurium in persons with normal hearing: 55 years later","volume":"139","author":"Forti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.08.016","article-title":"The effect of silence on tinnitus perception","volume":"132","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000010","article-title":"Hearing in middle age: A population snapshot of 40- to 69-year olds in the United Kingdom","volume":"35","author":"Dawes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.08.018","article-title":"The prevalence of tinnitus and the relationship with neuroticism in a middle-aged UK population","volume":"76","author":"McCormack","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002","article-title":"Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)","volume":"260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331216518814384","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518814384","article-title":"The COMiT\u2019ID Study: Developing Core Outcome Domains Sets for Clinical Trials of Sound-, Psychology-, and Pharmacology-Based Interventions for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus in Adults","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.03.0159","article-title":"Guide to conducting tinnitus retraining therapy initial and follow-up interviews","volume":"40","author":"Henry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fackrell, K., Sereda, M., Smith, S., Sheldrake, J., and Hoare, D.J. (2022). What Should Be Considered When Assessing Hyperacusis? A Qualitative Analysis of Problems Reported by Hyperacusis Patients. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121615"},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"A13","article-title":"A catalog of biases in questionnaires","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.002","article-title":"Research participation effects: A skeleton in the methodological cupboard","volume":"67","author":"McCambridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.015","article-title":"Systematic review of the Hawthorne effect: New concepts are needed to study research participation effects","volume":"67","author":"McCambridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"Shreffler, J., and Huecker, M.R. (2025). Diagnostic Testing Accuracy: Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive Values and Likelihood Ratios. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpl011","article-title":"Comparing incomparable survey responses: Evaluating and selecting anchoring vignettes","volume":"15","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Political Anal."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0064-y","article-title":"Estimating distributions of health state severity for the global burden of disease study","volume":"13","author":"Burstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1298850","article-title":"Usefulness of self-report questionnaires for psychological assessment of patients with tinnitus and hyperacusis and patients\u2019 views of the questionnaires","volume":"56","author":"Aazh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aazh, H. (2022). Commentary: Consensus definition of misophonia. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1077097"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitoratou, S. (2018). The S-Five: A psychometric tool for assessing misophonia. PsyArXiv.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/fqbm3"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/5\/526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:35:22Z","timestamp":1760031322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/5\/526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":221,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci15050526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci15050526","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}}}