{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:18:36Z","timestamp":1760059116409,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Compulsive rituals in Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are characterized by a specific motor structure, built upon the fragmentation of action flow, obtained through act repetitions and the intrusion of non-functional acts. No study to date has adopted a hierarchical analysis to subtype OCD according to specific behavioral patterns, nor has a possible association between motor profiles and psychopathology been investigated. Methods: This study involved 31 OCD patients (11 female, 35%) and 31 healthy controls (11 female, 35%). The participants were asked to provide videotapes of their behaviors (OCD compulsions for patients and corresponding normal behaviors for healthy controls). BORIS software version 2.84.1 was adopted to analyze the recorded videos. Psychopathology was assessed through the Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire, and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale. Results: Hierarchical analysis revealed three behavioral clusters based on motor profile: Cluster 1 included OCD compulsions structurally characterized by act repetitions (\u201citerative\u201d rituals); Cluster 2 was represented by OCD compulsions mainly built upon non-functional acts (\u201cidiosyncratic\u201d rituals); and Cluster 3 comprised routinized and normative behaviors, without behavioral ritualization (no act repetitions and few non-functional acts). No significant differences were found in age, age at onset, and OCD severity between \u201citerative\u201d and \u201cidiosyncratic\u201d rituals. However, patients with \u201citerative\u201d rituals showed both more severe pre-psychotic symptoms and childhood trauma experiences than patients with \u201cidiosyncratic\u201d rituals. Conclusions: These findings may have significant clinical implications as they hint at a relationship between specific behavioral patterns of OCD compulsions and different underlying psychopathologies and\/or vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15060552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T06:35:09Z","timestamp":1747982109000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychopathological Implications of Behavioral Patterns in Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Rituals: A Hierarchical Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6468-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Gambol\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Local Health Agency of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Di Donna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Local Health Agency of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ottoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Local Health Agency of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Parmigiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Behavioral Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Local Health Agency of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Tonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Local Health Agency of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01779-7","article-title":"Four-Year Course of Quality of Life and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"55","author":"Remmerswaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. 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