{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:23:46Z","timestamp":1789457026811,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is applied for managing chronic intractable pain, but the factors predicting its effectiveness have not been extensively researched. Our study aimed to identify clinical variables that can predict the outcome of SCS. Methods: The electronic medical records of patients who received SCS for chronic intractable pain at two large tertiary teaching institutions in South Korea from 2008 to 2022 were reviewed. A successful outcome was characterized by attaining at least a 50% reduction in pain on the numerical rating scale (NRS) assessed at 6 months. Multivariable analysis was used to investigate the correlation between outcomes of SCS and clinical variables. Results: Of the 213 patients, 108 (50.7%) experienced successful outcomes at 6 months after SCS implantation. At 6 months, both the positive and negative outcome groups had significantly lower NRS pain scores than at baseline. Multivariable analysis revealed that male gender (p = 0.023) was an independent predictor of positive SCS outcomes; conversely, longer pain duration (p = 0.011) was a negative predictor. No significant adverse events associated with SCS were observed throughout the six-month follow-up duration. Conclusions: SCS could be an effective treatment for chronic intractable pain, including complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and persistent spinal pain syndrome (PSPS). More successful outcomes may be expected in male patients with a shorter duration of pain. Additional research is required to enhance patient selection processes and to identify clinical characteristics that contribute to improved long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15060614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T11:08:31Z","timestamp":1749208111000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Predictive Factors of Successful Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Pain: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjae","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1674-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungsang","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee Youn","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7002-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Joo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis Sahngun","family":"Nahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyung Bok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002353","article-title":"Supraspinal Mechanisms of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Modulation of Pain: Five Decades of Research and Prospects for the Future","volume":"130","author":"Sivanesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S160890","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging: Cerebral function alterations in subthreshold and suprathreshold spinal cord stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Sunaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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