{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:38:14Z","timestamp":1780393094431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP 106662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP 106662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOV 451579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOV 451579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Many individuals with stroke partake in rehabilitation to improve their movements. Rehabilitation operates on the assumption that individuals with stroke can use visual feedback from their movements or visual cues from a therapist to improve their movements through practice. However, this type of visuomotor learning can be impaired after stroke. It is unclear whether and how learning impairments relate to impairments in movement. Here, we examined the relationship between learning and movement impairments after stroke. Methods: We recruited adults with first-time unilateral stroke and controls matched for overall age and sex. The participants performed a visuomotor learning task in a Kinarm exoskeleton robot. The task assessed how they adapted their reaching movements to a systematic visual disturbance that altered the relationship between the observed and actual motion of their hand. Learning was quantified as the extent to which the participants adapted their movements to the visual disturbance. A separate visually-guided reaching task was used to assess the straightness, direction, smoothness, and duration of their movements. The relationships between visuomotor adaptation and movement were analyzed using Spearman\u2019s correlations. Control data were used to identify impairments in visuomotor adaptation and movement. The independence of these impairments was examined using Fisher\u2019s exact tests. Results: Impairments in visuomotor adaptation (46.3%) and movement (73.2%) were common in participants with stroke (n = 41). We observed weak\u2013moderate correlations between continuous measures of adaptation and movement performance (rho range: \u22120.44\u20130.58). Adaptation and movement impairments, identified using the range of performance in the control participants, were statistically independent (all p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Movement impairments accounted for 34% of the variance in visuomotor adaptation at best. Our findings suggest that factors other than movement impairments may influence visuomotor adaptation after stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15060619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T08:22:34Z","timestamp":1749457354000},"page":"619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Movement Impairments May Not Preclude Visuomotor Adaptation After Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Taylor","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Andrew","family":"Piitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishita","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean Peter","family":"Dukelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Cluff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0148-3","article-title":"Computational Neurorehabilitation: Modeling Plasticity and Learning to Predict Recovery","volume":"13","author":"Reinkensmeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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