{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:57:12Z","timestamp":1792789032847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]],"date-time":"2025-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Italy","award":["RRC-2025-23686388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRC-2025-23686388"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is characterized by motor and cognitive impairments that significantly affect quality of life. Robotic-assisted therapies, such as the AMADEO\u00ae system, have shown potential in rehabilitating upper limb function but are underexplored in PD. This study aimed to assess the effects of Robotic-Assisted Therapy (RAT) compared to Conventional Physical Therapy (CPT) on cognitive, motor, and functional outcomes in PD patients. Methods: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with PD patients allocated to RAT or CPT. Participants were assessed at baseline (T0) and post-intervention (T1) using measures including MoCA, FAB, UPDRS-III, 9-Hole Peg Test, FMA-UE, FIM, and PDQ-39. Statistical analyses included ANCOVA and regression models. Results: RAT led to significant improvements in global cognition (MoCA, p &lt; 0.001) and executive functioning (FAB, p = 0.0002) compared to CPT. Motor function improved, particularly in wrist and hand control (FMA-UE), whereas changes in fine motor dexterity (9-Hole Peg Test) were less consistent and did not reach robust significance. No significant improvements were observed in broader quality of life domains, depressive symptoms, or memory-related cognitive measures. However, quality of life improved significantly in the stigma subdomain of the PDQ-39 (p = 0.0075). Regression analyses showed that baseline motor impairment predicted cognitive outcomes. Conclusions: RAT demonstrated superior cognitive and motor benefits in PD patients compared to CPT. These results support the integration of robotic rehabilitation into PD management. Further studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed to validate these findings and assess their sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15060644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:47:22Z","timestamp":1750070842000},"page":"644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the Impact of Robotic Hand Rehabilitation on Functional Recovery in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Raciti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Spinale Unipolare, Azienda Ospedaliera per le Emergenze Cannizzaro, 98102 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desiree","family":"Latella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Raciti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5872-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Sorbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3284-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ciatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Andronaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco Salvatore","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale Presentation and Clinimetric Testing Results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. 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