{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:48:02Z","timestamp":1793908082221,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: There is still no clear consensus regarding the efficacy of exercise interventions in maintaining or improving cognitive function among independent older adults, as well as individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. This review explores the potential mechanisms underlying cognitive decline prevention and dementia mitigation from the perspective of motor learning theory, with a particular focus on aerobic-oriented open-skill exercise (OSE) and electronic sports (e-sports). Methods: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CiNii, and J-Stage (all available years) to identify studies examining the relationship between OSE, e-sports, and cognitive function. Results: Although various intervention studies have investigated aerobic exercise, resistance training, and other multifactorial exercise programs, a unified conclusion has not been reached regarding their effectiveness in enhancing cognitive function in the general elderly population or in patients with MCI or dementia. However, sports involving dynamic interaction with opponents (OSE) have shown a positive association with the maintenance and enhancement of cognitive abilities. Furthermore, e-sports present an accessible exercise modality, unrestricted by age, gender, time, or location, and are expected to support cognitive health in older adults. Conclusions: Aerobic-oriented OSE appears more effective than closed-skill exercise in preventing age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Additionally, e-sports may offer a comprehensive approach to brain health by integrating cognitive stimulation, physical engagement, social interaction, and stress reduction, though caution is advised regarding potential mental health concerns stemming from excessive use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15070682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1750920913000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Open-Skill Exercises and E-Sports on Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review of Their Role in Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4098-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuzo","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumagai Institute of Health Policy, Fukuoka 813-0044, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Digital Health Care, Dong-A University, Busan 49236, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuntae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Health Care, Dong-A University, Busan 49236, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49236, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6041-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3449-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takao","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kumagai Institute of Health Policy, Fukuoka 813-0044, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Minkodo Minohara Hospital, Fukuoka 811-2402, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00338-8","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression","volume":"11","author":"Byrnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. 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