{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:18:04Z","timestamp":1780327084907,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is crucial in managing acute brain injury (ABI) to prevent secondary brain injury. While invasive techniques remain the gold standard, they can carry notable risks, such as infection and hemorrhage. Non-invasive techniques are increasingly used, but their inter-modality correlation and concordance have not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to assess the correlation and concordance among four commonly used non-invasive neuromonitoring tools in patients with ABI undergoing invasive ICP monitoring. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from 100 adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit with traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) who underwent invasive ICP monitoring. Simultaneous assessments using optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), transcranial Doppler-derived pulsatility index (PI), estimated ICP (eICP), and the neurological pupil index (NPi) were performed. Correlation between modalities was assessed using Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient (\u03c1), and concordance was evaluated with Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient (k). Results: We found weak correlations between ONSD and PI (\u03c1 = 0.29), ONSD and NPi (\u03c1 = \u22120.33), and PI and NPi (\u03c1 = \u22120.33); moderate correlations between ONSD and eICP (\u03c1 = 0.54) and PI and eICP (\u03c1 = 0.48); and a strong inverse correlation between eICP and NPi (\u03c1 = \u22120.71; all p &lt; 0.05). Concordance was generally low, with the highest agreement between PI and eICP (k = 0.69). Most other tool pairings showed poor-to-fair concordance (k \u2264 0.30). Conclusions: Non-invasive neuromonitoring tools show variable correlation and limited agreement, suggesting they are not interchangeable. Each modality captures different aspects of cerebral physiology, supporting the use of a multimodal approach to improve accuracy in ICP estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15070710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:42:06Z","timestamp":1751355726000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Correlation of Different Non-Invasive Neuromonitoring Tools Assessing Intracranial Hemodynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rossella","family":"Zangari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care and Emergency, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Route de Lennik, Erasme Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"D\u2019Amelio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Route de Lennik, Erasme Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Gouvea","family":"Bogossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Route de Lennik, Erasme Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio Silvio","family":"Taccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Route de Lennik, Erasme Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208708","article-title":"Traumatic intracranial hypertension","volume":"370","author":"Stocchetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. 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