{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:32:40Z","timestamp":1760059960632,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Despite medical advances, stigma remains a major challenge for people living with HIV (PLWH). This study examined clinical, sociodemographic, and psychological predictors of HIV-related stigma, and explored whether affective temperament moderates the impact of depression on stigma. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 97 PLWH attending a tertiary infectious disease unit in Rome, Italy. Participants completed a battery of validated psychometric instruments assessing depressive symptoms, anxiety, manic symptoms, mixed affective states, general psychopathology, impulsivity, and affective temperament. HIV-related stigma was evaluated using the Berger HIV Stigma Scale, which measures personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and concerns with public attitudes. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. Univariate linear regressions were conducted to explore associations between clinical, psychometric, and sociodemographic variables and each stigma subdimension, as well as the total stigma score. Variables significant at p &lt; 0.05 were included in five multivariate linear regression models. Moderation analyses were subsequently performed to assess whether affective temperaments moderated the relationship between significant psychopathological predictors and stigma. Bonferroni correction was applied where appropriate. Results: Higher depressive symptom scores are significantly associated with greater internalized stigma (B = 0.902, p = 0.006) and total stigma (B = 2.603, p = 0.008). Furthermore, moderation analyses showed that anxious temperament significantly intensified the relationship between depressive symptoms and both negative self-image (interaction term B = 0.125, p = 0.001) and total stigma (B = 0.336, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and anxious temperament are associated with HIV-related stigma. Integrating psychological screening and targeted interventions for mood and temperament vulnerabilities may help reduce stigma burden in PLWH and improve psychosocial outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T07:54:26Z","timestamp":1753343666000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anxious Traits Intensify the Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Stigma in People Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexia","family":"Koukopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Lucio Bini, Via Crescenzio 42, 00193 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6807-5796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-7494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delfina","family":"Janiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Cherubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Vassalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5621-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Santinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3571-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"D\u2019Ettorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9767-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-9230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Camardese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.210621.001","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS: A Resurgence in North America and Europe","volume":"11","author":"Govender","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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