{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:13:25Z","timestamp":1793042005473,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In an increasingly pervasive digital environment, trait boredom has been identified as a key psychological factor in the onset and maintenance of problematic digital technology use. This systematic review aims to investigate the role of trait boredom in digital behavioral addictions, including problematic smartphone use, Internet and social media overuse, and gaming addiction, through theoretical models such as the I-PACE model and the Compensatory Internet Use Theory (CIUT). Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple scientific databases (PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus), yielding a total of 4603 records. Following the PRISMA guidelines after duplicate removal and screening based on title and abstract, 152 articles were assessed for full-text eligibility, and 28 studies met the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Results: Findings reveal that trait boredom functions as both a direct and indirect factor in problematic technology use. It serves as a mediator and moderator in the relationship between psychological vulnerabilities (e.g., depression, alexithymia, vulnerable narcissism) and dysfunctional digital behaviors. Furthermore, as an independent variable, it has an influence on technological variables through Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), loneliness, low self-regulation, and dysfunctional metacognitions, while protective factors such as mindfulness and attentional control mitigate its impact. Conclusions: Boredom represents a central psychological lever for understanding behavioral addictions in the digital age and should be considered a key target in preventive and therapeutic interventions focused on enhancing self-regulation and meaningful engagement with free time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T16:06:17Z","timestamp":1753459577000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Connected by Boredom: A Systematic Review of the Role of Trait Boredom in Problematic Technology Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6776-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginevra","family":"Tagliaferri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3305-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Mart\u00ed-Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de Psicologia B\u00e0sica, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. Blasco Iba\u00f1ez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1654-0023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Valeria","family":"Frisari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology of Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Quaglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Science, Universitas Mercatorum, Piazza Mattei 10, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2367-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-4421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Burrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Cricenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-006-9009-9","article-title":"\u2018Internet Addiction\u2019: A Critical Review","volume":"4","author":"Widyanto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. 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