{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:24:35Z","timestamp":1793481875906,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tremor is a common but diagnostically challenging movement disorder due to its clinical heterogeneity and overlapping aetiologies. The 2018 consensus introduced a two-axis classification system that redefined tremor syndromes by distinguishing between clinical phenomenology and underlying causes, and introduced new diagnostic categories, such as essential tremor plus. Methods: This review synthesises recent advances in the epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, and treatment of tremor syndromes, aiming to provide an integrated and clinically relevant framework that aligns with emerging diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. Results: We discuss how electrophysiology, neuroimaging, wearable sensors, and artificial intelligence are reshaping diagnostic precision. Syndromes such as essential tremor, parkinsonian tremor, dystonic tremor, task-specific tremor, orthostatic tremor, and functional tremor are examined through syndromic, aetiological, and mechanistic lenses. The limitations of current rating scales and the promise of emerging biomarkers are critically assessed. Conclusions: As therapeutic approaches evolve toward neuromodulation and precision medicine, the need for pathophysiologically grounded diagnostic criteria becomes more urgent. Integrating network-based frameworks, digital diagnostics, and individualised treatment holds promise for advancing tremor care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T10:51:14Z","timestamp":1753699874000},"page":"799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tremor: Clinical Frameworks, Network Dysfunction and Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ortega-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Neurociencias, Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Arias-Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Neurociencias, Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04028","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04028","article-title":"The global prevalence of essential tremor, with emphasis on age and sex: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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