{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:59:19Z","timestamp":1791489559481,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The maturation of brain regions involved in emotion regulation\u2014particularly the amygdala and prefrontal cortex\u2014from fetal life to age two is a dynamic process shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Early experiences, especially responsive caregiving, promote the growth of neural circuits supporting emotional expression and regulation. In contrast, early adversity such as neglect or chronic stress may disrupt these circuits and increase vulnerability to emotional difficulties. Elevated levels of placental CRH are linked to alterations in fetal brain development related to emotion. Neurodevelopmental processes like synaptic pruning and myelination, active during the first years, further shape emotional circuitry. These findings underscore the importance of early caregiving and timely interventions in fostering healthy emotional development. The present article proposes an integrative conceptual framework for early emotional and cognitive development, combining neurobiological models with contemporary theories in developmental psychology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T09:56:42Z","timestamp":1754647002000},"page":"846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Emotional Brain Development: Neurobiological Indicators from Fetus Through Toddlerhood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9975-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerry","family":"Leisman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Resonance Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of the Medical Sciences of Havana, Havana 11600, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2297-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahela","family":"Alfasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Center for the Developing Child, Rockville Centre, NY 11570, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"D\u2019Angiulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zeanah, C.H. 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