{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:35:05Z","timestamp":1793298905016,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["0000020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["B53C22003780006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B53C22003780006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The use of virtual reality (VR) solutions in design has rapidly increased globally. However, it remains unclear to what extent these technologies enhance people\u2019s cognitive abilities. Understanding the impact of such technologies is essential for assessing their validity and effectiveness. In this controlled study, we investigated how HMD and non-immersive VR museum environments affect the ability to learn about the environment and the perception of the experience. Methods: A total of 87 college students (46 females) were randomly assigned to either HMD or non-immersive VR museum environments. Subsequently, they had to answer questions related to the sense of immersion and pleasantness of the museum experience, as well as their willingness to repeat similar museum experiences. Results: The results indicated that the HMD setting was preferred for its greater sense of immersion, pleasantness, and intention to repeat a similar experience. Conclusions: The data are discussed in the context of fostering appreciation and promoting the preservation of cultural heritage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1754910129000},"page":"852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparing Immersive and Non-Immersive VR: Effects on Spatial Learning and Aesthetic Experience in Museum Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1322-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Piccardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Cassino, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Massidda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9055-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Travaglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9529-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Pescarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4616-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Giancola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2051-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Palmiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences, Universit\u00e0 of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Deflorian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Apollaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Lista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0629-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Nori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"A Survey of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality for Cultural Heritage","volume":"11","author":"Bekele","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM J. Comput. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Champion, E. (2021). Virtual Heritage: A Guide, Ubiquity Press.","DOI":"10.5334\/bck"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"520","article-title":"Virtual Museums, a Survey and Some Issues for Consideration","volume":"10","author":"Sylaiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.53","article-title":"Mixing Virtual and Real Scenes in the Site of Ancient Pompeii","volume":"16","author":"Papagiannakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Anim. Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaitatzes, A., Christopoulos, D., and Roussou, M. (2001, January 25\u201327). Reviving the Past: Cultural Heritage Meets Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, Berkeley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/585009.585011"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103701","article-title":"Challenges in the Online Component of Blended Learning: A Systematic Review","volume":"144","author":"Rasheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3018","article-title":"A Bibliometric Analysis of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in the Context of Museum Exhibitions","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1168","article-title":"A Measurement Framework for Assessing the Digital Transformation of Cultural Institutions: The Italian Case","volume":"30","author":"Agostino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meditari Account. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2020.1810483","article-title":"Heritage in Lockdown: Digital Provision of Memory Institutions in the UK and US of America during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Samaroudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mus. Manag. Curatorsh."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Tian, Y., and Pei, S. (2024). Technological Use from the Perspective of Cultural Heritage Environment: Augmented Reality Technology and Formation Mechanism of Heritage-Responsibility Behaviors of Tourists. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16188261"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.103229","article-title":"Experiencing Immersive Virtual Reality in Museums","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.12.003","article-title":"Virtual Reality, Presence, and Attitude Change: Empirical Evidence from Tourism","volume":"66","author":"Tussyadiah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2009.02.006","article-title":"From 3D Reconstruction to Virtual Reality: A Complete Methodology for Digital Archaeological Exhibition","volume":"11","author":"Bruno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/00472875231164987","article-title":"Effect of Display Methods on Intentions to Use Virtual Reality in Museum Tourism","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Statista (2025, January 01). Revenue from Virtual Reality Software Worldwide from 2018 to 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1099","article-title":"A Mini Review of Presence and Immersion in Virtual Reality","volume":"65","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.05.013","article-title":"The Role of Affordance in the Experience of Virtual Reality Learning: Technological and Affective Affordances in Virtual Reality","volume":"34","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","article-title":"How Immersive Is Enough? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Immersive Technology on User Presence","volume":"19","author":"Cummings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"32","article-title":"Tecnologie della presenza. Concetti e applicazioni","volume":"3","author":"Riva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mondo Digit."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","article-title":"The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights","volume":"10","author":"Schubert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fctterlein, J. (2018, January 3\u20136). The Three Pillars of Virtual Reality? Investigating the Roles of Immersion, Presence, and Interactivity. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.174"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sternberg, R.J. (1988). Society, Culture, and Person: A Systems View of Creativity. The Nature of Creativity: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M., Abuhamdeh, S., and Nakamura, J. (2005). Flow. Handbook of Competence and Motivation, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Cs\u00edkszentmih\u00e1lyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Harper & Row."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"37","article-title":"Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence","volume":"33","author":"Steuer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun. Age Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.32731\/smq.331.032024.06","article-title":"Virtual Reality Technology Induced Flow in the Spectator Sports Context: Empirical Examinations of VR Flow, Its Unique Antecedents, and Consequences","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sport Mark. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2010.04.001","article-title":"Beyond Virtual Museums: Experiencing Immersive Virtual Reality in Real Museums","volume":"11","author":"Carrozzino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Corsini, M., Ferdani, D., Kuijper, A., and Kutlu, H. (2024). Towards an Experiment Planner for Cognitive Studies in Virtual Heritage Environments. A Pilot Study. EUROGRAPHICS Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage, The Eurographics Association."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, P., Rimzhim, A., Vijay, P., Singh, S., and Chandra, S. (2019). Desktop VR Is Better Than Non-ambulatory HMD VR for Spatial Learning. Front. Robot. AI, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00050"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102506","article-title":"Memory of virtual experiences: Role of immersion, emotion and sense of presence","volume":"144","author":"Cadet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01560","article-title":"Enhanced Attention Using Head-mounted Virtual Reality","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06158-w","article-title":"A comparative experimental study of visual brain event-related potentials to a working memory task: Virtual reality head-mounted display versus a desktop computer screen","volume":"239","author":"Aksoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"250","article-title":"EEG Acquisition During the VR Administration of Resting State, Attention, and Image Recognition Tasks: A Feasibility Study","volume":"1033","author":"Rupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16610","article-title":"Head-mounted display versus computer monitor for visual attention screening: A comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Baertsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2024.2303016","article-title":"Real and virtual environments have comparable spatial memory distortions after scale and geometric transformations","volume":"24","author":"Zisch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spat. Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, F., Guo, R., Yao, S., Wang, L., and Ma, K.-L. (2023, January 23\u201328). From Artifacts to Outcomes: Comparison of HMD VR, Desktop, and Slides Lectures for Food Microbiology Laboratory Instruction. Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580913"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirker, J., Holly, M., Lesjak, I., Kopf, J., and Christian G\u00fctl, C. (2019). MaroonVR\u2014An Interactive and Immersive Virtual Reality Physics Laboratory. Learning in a Digital World, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8265-9_11"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jicol, C., Wan, C.H., Doling, B., HIllingworth, C., Yoon, J., Headey, C., Lutteroth, C., Proulx, M.J., Petrini, K., and O\u2019Neill, E. (2021, January 8\u201313). Effects of emotion and agency on presence in virtual reality. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445588"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassini, S., and Laumann, K. (2020). Are Modern Head-Mounted Displays Sexist? A Systematic Review on Gender Differences in HMD-Mediated Virtual Reality. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01604"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41234","DOI":"10.2196\/41234","article-title":"Effects of a Modern Virtual Reality 3D Head-Mounted Display Exergame on Simulator Sickness and Immersion Under Specific Conditions in Young Women and Men: Experimental Study","volume":"10","author":"Janowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69566","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2966564","article-title":"Examining the Effects of HMDs\/FSDs and Gender Differences on Cognitive Processing Ability and User Experience of the Stroop Task-Embedded Virtual Reality Driving System (STEVRDS)","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00678-2","article-title":"Transfer of motor skill between virtual reality viewed using a head-mounted display and conventional screen environments","volume":"17","author":"Juliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plechat\u00e1, A., Sahula, V., Fayette, D., and Fajnerov\u00e1, I. (2019). Age-Related Differences With Immersive and Non-immersive Virtual Reality in Memory Assessment. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01330"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177705148","article-title":"Snowball Sampling","volume":"32","author":"Goodman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccardi, L., Palmiero, M., Cofini, V., Verde, P., Boccia, M., Palermo, L., Guariglia, C., and Nori, R. (2022). \u201cWhere Am I?\u201d A Snapshot of the Developmental Topographical Disorientation among Young Italian Adults. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271334"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Antonietti, A. (2024, January 01). Computer Use Questionnaire. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0360131504000612."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.09.038","article-title":"Hypermedia Navigation: Differences between Spatial Cognitive Styles","volume":"66","author":"Lugli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veggi, M., von Gal, A., Piccardi, L., Persarin, S., and Nori, R. (2025). How Much Do We Care About Cultural Heritage? A Rasch Scale Validation Study Among Young Adult. Heritage, 8.","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/5baw8_v1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanini, B., Ferdani, D., Demetrescu, E., Berto, S., and d\u2019Annibale, E. (2021). ATON: An Open-Source Framework for Creating Immersive, Collaborative and Liquid Web-Apps for Cultural Heritage. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112211062"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, Guilford Publications."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Howitt, D., and Cramer, D. (2005). Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology, Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878119831420","article-title":"Gaming in virtual reality: What changes in terms of usability, emotional response and sense of presence compared to non-immersive video games?","volume":"50","author":"Pallavicini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Simul. Gaming"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-C., and Yang, C.-C. (2024). Examining the Mechanisms of Virtual Reality Tourism\u2019s Impact on the Mental Well-Being of Long-Term Care Facility Residents: Perspectives on Presence and Flow. Behav. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14090781"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09586-2","article-title":"The cognitive affective model of immersive learning (CAMIL): A theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality","volume":"33","author":"Makransky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole, P., Mancini, M., and Pitt, I. (2024, January 3\u20137). Sound and Colour: Evaluating Auditory-Visual Tests in Virtual Reality and Traditional Desktop Settings. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Arenzano, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3656650.3656665"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, L.K., Wei, X., Chui, K.T., Cheung, S.K.S., Wang, F.L., Fung, Y.-C., Lu, A., Hui, Y.K., Hao, T., and U, L.H. (2024). A systematic review of the design of serious games for innovative learning: Augmented reality, virtual reality, or mixed reality?. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13050890"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","article-title":"Effects of Different Types of Virtual Reality Display on Presence and Learning in a Safety Training Scenario","volume":"24","author":"Buttussi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101475","article-title":"Wayfinding behaviour in a multi-level building: A comparative study of HMD VR and Desktop VR","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y. (2021, January 8\u201313). Do different types of VR influence pedestrian route choice behaviour? A comparison study of Desktop VR and HMD VR. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451516"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kuhl, J., and Beckmann, J. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior, Springer."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60411-6","article-title":"Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology","volume":"Volume 20","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2023.102032","article-title":"Environmental cognitive load and spatial anxiety: What matters in navigation?","volume":"88","author":"Nori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/8\/852\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:27:49Z","timestamp":1760034469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/15\/8\/852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci15080852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci15080852","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]}}}