{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:23:46Z","timestamp":1792167826534,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internal Scientific Research Project of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161","award":["48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["48"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Emerging evidence suggests a role of immune\u2013inflammatory mechanisms in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly in the early stages of the illness. Cytokines, as key mediators of inflammation, may affect brain function and clinical presentation. Drug-naive patients with first-episode psychosis (FEDN) offer a unique opportunity to investigate these associations free from confounding pharmacological effects. Methods: This study included 38 patients with drug-naive first episode psychosis and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum concentrations of IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured using ELISA. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the PANSS scale. Statistical analyses included Mann\u2013Whitney U tests, Spearman\u2019s correlations, and ROC curve analysis. Results: Significantly elevated serum levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, and IL-10 were observed in the FEDN group compared to the controls (p &lt; 0.01), while IL-6 levels did not differ significantly. IL-2 exhibited the highest discriminatory power in differentiating the patients from the controls (AUC = 0.917; 95% CI: 0.759\u20131000.0; p &lt; 0.001). IL-1\u03b2 levels positively correlated with negative and general psychopathology symptoms, including hostility and grandiosity. IL-10 was associated with volitional disturbance and overall PANSS severity. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the relevance of immune dysregulation in the early stages of psychosis and highlight the potential of specific cytokines, particularly IL-2 and IL-1\u03b2, as peripheral biomarkers. Their diagnostic utility and correlation with symptom dimensions suggest a promising role in the development of precision psychiatry approaches, including early detection strategies and individualised therapeutic targeting. Longitudinal studies are needed to validate these findings and to assess their prognostic significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15090932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T10:29:18Z","timestamp":1756376958000},"page":"932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical Relevance of Peripheral Interleukins in Drug-Naive First-Episode Psychosis: Symptom-Specific Associations from the PANSS Dimensions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6457-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Binic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3014-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivera","family":"Zikic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Mental Health Protection, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana Tosic","family":"Golubovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Djordjevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Mental Health Protection, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Hospital for Psychiatry Diseases \u201cGornja Toponica\u201d, 18202 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dane","family":"Krtinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161 , Serbia"},{"name":"Oncology Clinic, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7595-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Andjelkovic Apostolovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute for Public Health, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12795","article-title":"Psychosis: An autoimmune disease?","volume":"152","author":"Pollak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13416","article-title":"Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: The contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Dunleavy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. 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