{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:59:12Z","timestamp":1788339552644,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSTC","award":["114-2314-B-039-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-039-031"]}]},{"name":"NSTC","award":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"]}]},{"name":"NSTC","award":["EDAHP114025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDAHP114025"]}]},{"name":"CMUHCH-DMR","award":["114-2314-B-039-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-039-031"]}]},{"name":"CMUHCH-DMR","award":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"]}]},{"name":"CMUHCH-DMR","award":["EDAHP114025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDAHP114025"]}]},{"name":"EDAHP","award":["114-2314-B-039-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-039-031"]}]},{"name":"EDAHP","award":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"]}]},{"name":"EDAHP","award":["EDAHP114025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDAHP114025"]}]},{"name":"Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-039-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-039-031"]}]},{"name":"Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMUHCH-DMR-114-027"]}]},{"name":"Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["EDAHP114025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDAHP114025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Fibromyalgia causes chronic long-term pain, with symptoms lasting for months to years. Given the lack of evidence-based methods for diagnosing and assessing fibromyalgia, it ranks among the most difficult chronic pain conditions to treat. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) can inhibit acute and chronic pain transmission by inhibiting neuronal ion channels. Methods: Here, we aimed to explore the analgesic efficacy and mechanism of PD-L1\/PD1 in an intermittent cold stress-induced fibromyalgia pain mouse model. Results: Von Frey and Hargreaves tests were performed, showing that the mouse model exhibited mechanical (day 4: 2.08 \u00b1 0.13 g, n = 9) and thermal hyperalgesia (day 4: 3.93 \u00b1 0.45 s, n = 9). Electroacupuncture (EA) or intraventricular PD-L1 injection effectively alleviated the nociceptive response and led to low PD-1 levels in the mouse dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and cerebellum, as measured through Western blots. In contrast, the pain-related kinase levels increased after fibromyalgia induction; these effects were reversed by EA and PD-L1 via the inhibition of microglia\/astrocytes and Toll-like receptor 4. Conclusions: Our results show that EA can treat fibromyalgia pain in mice through effects on the PD-L1\/PD1 pathway, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target in fibromyalgia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15090976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:55:02Z","timestamp":1757580902000},"page":"976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electroacupuncture Attenuates Fibromyalgia Pain Through Increased PD-1 Expression in Female Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"I-Han","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chia","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9150-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-Cheng","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu 302233, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Yin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaut, S. 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