{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T23:32:01Z","timestamp":1772235121535,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP110105123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP110105123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BERC 2022\u20132025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BERC 2022\u20132025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC2018-024284-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024284-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["DP110105123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP110105123"]}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["BERC 2022\u20132025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BERC 2022\u20132025"]}]},{"name":"Basque Government","award":["RYC2018-024284-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024284-I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Ramon y Cajal research fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP110105123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP110105123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Ramon y Cajal research fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BERC 2022\u20132025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BERC 2022\u20132025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Ramon y Cajal research fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC2018-024284-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-024284-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The Seeds of Literacy project has followed infants at family risk for dyslexia (FR group) and infants not at family risk (NFR group) since the age of 5 months, exploring whether infant measures of auditory sensitivity and phonological skills are related to later reading achievement. Here, we retrospectively assessed relations between infant performance on a rise time discrimination task with new pre-reading behavioural measures administered at 60 months. In addition, we re-classified dyslexia risk at 60 months and again assessed relations to rise time sensitivity. Participants were re-grouped using the pre-reading behavioural measures as either dyslexia risk at 60 months (60mDR) or no dyslexia risk (60mNDR). Methods: FR and NFR children (44 English-learning children) completed assessments of rise time discrimination at 10 and\/or 60 months, phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid automatised naming (RAN), letter knowledge, and language skills (receptive vocabulary and grammatical awareness). Results: Longitudinal analyses showed significant time-lagged correlations between rise time sensitivity at 10 months and both RAN and letter knowledge at 60 months. Rise time sensitivity at 60 months was significantly poorer in those children re-grouped as 60mDR, and rise time sensitivity was significantly related to concurrent phonological awareness, RAN, letter knowledge, and receptive vocabulary, but not to tests of grammatical awareness. Conclusions: The data support the view that children\u2019s rise time sensitivity is significantly related to their pre-reading phonological abilities. These findings are discussed in terms of Temporal Sampling theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15091012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T16:53:42Z","timestamp":1758300822000},"page":"1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Relations Between Early Rise Time Discrimination Abilities and Pre-School Pre-Reading Assessments: The Seeds of Literacy Are Sown in Infancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Kalashnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Burnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7858-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usha","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience in Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2021.101129","article-title":"Rhythm discrimination and metronome tapping in 4-year-old children at risk for developmental dyslexia","volume":"60","author":"Kalashnikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn. 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