{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:25:47Z","timestamp":1787289947625,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Language, a uniquely human cognitive faculty, is fundamentally characterized by its capacity for complex thoughts and structured expressions. This review examines two critical measures of linguistic performance: idea density (ID) and grammatical complexity (GC). ID quantifies the richness of information conveyed per unit of language, reflecting semantic efficiency and conceptual processing. GC, conversely, measures the structural sophistication of syntax, indicative of hierarchical organization and rule-based operations. We explore the neurobiological underpinnings of these measures, identifying key brain regions and white matter pathways involved in their generation and comprehension. This includes linking ID to a distributed network of semantic hubs, like the anterior temporal lobe and temporoparietal junction, and GC to a fronto-striatal procedural network encompassing Broca\u2019s area and the basal ganglia. Moreover, a central theme is the integration of Chomsky\u2019s theories of Universal Grammar (UG), which posits an innate human linguistic endowment, with their neurobiological correlates. This integration analysis bridges foundational models that first mapped syntax (Friederici\u2019s work) to distinct neural pathways with contemporary network-based theories that view grammar as an emergent property of dynamic, inter-regional neural oscillations. Furthermore, we examine the genetic factors influencing ID and GC, including genes implicated in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. A comparative anatomical perspective across human and non-human primates illuminates the evolutionary trajectory of the language-ready brain. Also, we emphasize that, clinically, ID and GC serve as sensitive neurocognitive markers whose power lies in their often-dissociable profiles. For instance, the primary decline of ID in Alzheimer\u2019s disease contrasts with the severe grammatical impairment in nonfluent aphasia, aiding in differential diagnosis. Importantly, as non-invasive and scalable metrics, ID and GC also provide a critical complement to gold-standard but costly biomarkers like CSF and PET. Finally, the review considers the emerging role of AI and Natural Language Processing (NLP) in automating these linguistic analyses, concluding with a necessary discussion of the critical challenges in validation, ethics, and implementation that must be addressed for these technologies to be responsibly integrated into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15091022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1758539896000},"page":"1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["RETRACTED: Idea Density and Grammatical Complexity as Neurocognitive Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-0950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Iacono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathology Research, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), 140 East Hanover Avenue, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Health System (AHS), Morristown, NJ 07927, USA"},{"name":"Neurodevelopmental Research Lab, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 07927, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Feltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Propositional density and narrative discourse in aging","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. 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