{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:45:37Z","timestamp":1760060737040,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Animal-assisted activities (AAA) are participative interventions, designed to lower hospitalization-related stress and anxiety, enhance communicative readiness, improve quality of life and encourage human\u2013animal interaction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate AAA effects in the context of intensive rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke. Methods: AAA in this study were structured by a local specialized association, for small groups of patients (5\/7 a time), biweekly; each session lasted 60 min. Each patient participated in 10 sessions of AAA. Evaluation rating scales were administered at T0 (before the first session) and T1 (after the last session, five weeks later) as follows: Neurobehavioral Rating Scale (NRS) in case of patient with stroke\/TBI without disorder of consciousness; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for SCI patients. Results: A total of 50 patients concluded the study. NRS score for joined TBI and stroke populations varied from a T0 mean value of 32.34 [C.I. 26.83\u201337.35] to 17.21 [C.I. 12.66\u201321.76] (46.7%); this difference proved to be statistically significant (p = 0.000). Stroke patients had a 57.6% NRS lowering by mean 28.10 [C.I. 20.55\u201335.65] points to 12 [C.I. 6.6\u201317.36], which was significant (p = 0.000); similarly, TBI patients showed a mean decrease of 35.8% points from the initial 41.6 points [C.I. 37.29\u201345.93] to 26.76 [C.I. 21.94\u201331.59] (p = 0.002). As for HADS scores a smaller improvement was found in the cohort of SCI patients: anxiety registered a 1 mean point decrease at T1 (21.5%), from the initial 6.5 points [C.I. 3.80\u20139.34] to 5.1 ones [C.I. 3.17\u20137.11]. This variation was near the threshold of significance (p = 0.05). Depression domain, instead, improved by 2.35 mean points (37%), from the 6.35 initial points [C.I. 3.45\u20139.26] to the final 4 [C.I. 2.15\u20135.98] with reaching of a significant p value (p = 0.03). ANCOVA did not confirm this last value and showed no influence of age and gender on outcome variations. Discussion: AAA showed preliminary evidence to decrease neurobehavioral disorders in patients with high-complexity neurological diseases, particularly stroke and TBI. The role of AAA in SCI patients remains unclear. Future studies should address confounders\u2019 role for these populations, particularly severity of disease. Furthermore, AAA interventions will have to be studied on larger samples, deepening the exact phase to introduce AAA for neurological patients. Lastly, qualitative studies are needed to explore patients\u2019 lived experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15101029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T15:54:54Z","timestamp":1758642894000},"page":"1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Animal-Assisted Activities for Patients with Central Nervous System Disease in Acute Rehabilitation Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Casati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"},{"name":"Degree Course in Physiotherapy, Piacenza Training Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bardasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilade","family":"Cortellazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Gallarati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Bozzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Castignoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3288-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Lamberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"},{"name":"Degree Course in Physiotherapy, Piacenza Training Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Razza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Galante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Frati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ronchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Collina Dei Ciuchini-Vernasca (Piacenza), 29010 Vernasca, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Collina Dei Ciuchini-Vernasca (Piacenza), 29010 Vernasca, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"},{"name":"Degree Course in Physiotherapy, Piacenza Training Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6062-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Ciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Usl of Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"},{"name":"Degree Course in Physiotherapy, Piacenza Training Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Young, C., and Horton, J. 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