{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:58:22Z","timestamp":1759334302717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"E022 Program of the INP","award":["027\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["027\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although clomipramine (CLO) is widely used as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, its subchronic administration during the early stages of brain development leads to depressive-like behaviors in adulthood. High doses of CLO have been linked to mitochondrial impairment and increased reactive oxygen species in cells and adult animals. It is unknown whether subchronic administration of this drug at early ages can induce oxidative stress (OS) in adulthood. The objective of this study was to evaluate OS and cellular damage in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala) of rats exposed to CLO neonatally. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into experimental (EXP) and control (CTRL) groups. The EXP animals received CLO (15 mg\/kg, twice daily, subcutaneously, postnatal days 5\u201335); the CTRL animals received saline. At 55 and 85 days of age, the brains were collected for biochemical assays and histological analysis. Results: Rats exposed to neonatal CLO presented significant reductions in reduced glutathione (GSH) and increases in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde in both studied regions, especially on day 85. The GSH\/GSSG ratio decreased, indicating persistent OS. Histology revealed neuronal degeneration, pyknotic nuclei, cell shrinkage, and disorganized tissue, which progressed from days 55 to 85. Conclusions: Early exposure to CLO can cause long-lasting neurochemical and structural alterations in the brain regions associated with the regulation of emotions and some behavioral responses that can persist over time and affect behavior in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15101068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T14:16:29Z","timestamp":1759241789000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clomipramine Induced Oxidative Stress and Morphological Alterations in the Prefrontal Cortex and Limbic System of Neonatal Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8164-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Labra-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta Griselda","family":"Mendoza-Torreblanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0041-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma","family":"Osnaya-Brizuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Valenzuela-Peraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1515-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Ortiz-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7670-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Barrag\u00e1n-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6580-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Santamar\u00eda-Del \u00c1ngel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Drugbank. 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