{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:31:43Z","timestamp":1792441903780,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parental cognitive characteristics may represent environmental risk factors in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD). This study compared obsessive beliefs, metacognitions, and ruminative thinking in parents of adolescents with OCD and healthy controls (HCs), and examined links with clinical features in patients. Methods: Participants were 45 adolescents with OCD, 45 HCs, and both their mothers and fathers. The Children\u2019s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) assessed symptom severity in adolescents. Parents completed the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTSQ), 30-item Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, followed by correlation and regression analyses. Results: Parents of patients had higher scores on the importance\/control of thoughts, the need to control thoughts, and cognitive self-consciousness (MCQ-CSC). Mothers of adolescents with OCD had the highest scores on inflated responsibility\/threat estimation (OBQ-RTE), perfectionism\/intolerance of uncertainty (OBQ-PIU), rumination, and cognitive confidence (MCQ-CC). Regression analyses showed that lower maternal MCQ-CC predicted earlier OCD onset, while higher rumination predicted later onset. Obsession severity in adolescents was linked to higher maternal MCQ-CSC, obsessive slowness to maternal OBQ-PIU, and pathological doubt to greater maternal rumination. Children\u2019s indecisiveness correlated with paternal OBQ-RTE and OBQ-PIU. Conclusions: Our findings revealed elevated cognitive vulnerabilities for OCD in mothers of affected adolescents and identified specific associations between parental cognitive characteristics and their children\u2019s symptom profiles. Future longitudinal studies using dyadic parental design with larger samples may further elucidate the role of parental cognitive patterns in the development and course of OCD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15101093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"1093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Obsessive Beliefs, Metacognitive Beliefs, and Rumination in Parents of Adolescents with and Without Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder: A Linear Mixed-Effects Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8953-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"M\u0131s\u0131r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University Ankara Hospital, Ankara 06490, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06340, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0928-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutlu Muhammed","family":"\u00d6zbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Yalova University, Yalova 77200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22259","article-title":"DSM-5 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Clinical Implications of New Criteria","volume":"31","author":"Patterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress. 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